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Hydrogen Road Transport Analysis in the Energy System: A Case Study for Germany through 2050

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  • Markus Reuß

    (Institute of Techno-Economic Systems Analysis (IEK-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428 Jülich, Germany)

  • Paris Dimos

    (Institute of Techno-Economic Systems Analysis (IEK-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
    Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany)

  • Aline Léon

    (European Institute for Energy Research, Emmy-Noether-Strasse 11, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany)

  • Thomas Grube

    (Institute of Techno-Economic Systems Analysis (IEK-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428 Jülich, Germany)

  • Martin Robinius

    (Institute of Techno-Economic Systems Analysis (IEK-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428 Jülich, Germany)

  • Detlef Stolten

    (Institute of Techno-Economic Systems Analysis (IEK-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
    Chair for Fuel Cells, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Kackertstr. 9, D-52072 Aachen, Germany)

Abstract

Carbon-free transportation is envisaged by means of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) propelled by hydrogen that originates from renewably electricity. However, there is a spatial and temporal gap in the production and demand of hydrogen. Therefore, hydrogen storage and transport remain key challenges for sustainable transportation with FCEVs. In this study, we propose a method for calculating a spatially resolved highway routing model for Germany to transport hydrogen by truck from the 15 production locations (source) to the 9683 fueling stations (sink) required by 2050. We consider herein three different storage modes, namely compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2), liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC). The model applies Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm for all available source-sink connections prior to optimizing the supply. By creating a detailed routing result for each source-sink connection, a detour factor is introduced for “first and last mile” transportation. The average detour factor of 1.32 is shown to be necessary for the German highway grid. Thereafter, the related costs, transportation time and travelled distances are calculated and compared for the examined storage modes. The overall transportation cost result for compressed gaseous hydrogen is 2.69 €/kg H2 , 0.73 €/kg H2 for liquid hydrogen, and 0.99 €/kg H2 for LOHCs. While liquid hydrogen appears to be the most cost-efficient mode, with the integration of the supply chain costs, compressed gaseous hydrogen is more convenient for minimal source-sink distances, while liquid hydrogen would be suitable for distances greater than 130 km.

Suggested Citation

  • Markus Reuß & Paris Dimos & Aline Léon & Thomas Grube & Martin Robinius & Detlef Stolten, 2021. "Hydrogen Road Transport Analysis in the Energy System: A Case Study for Germany through 2050," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-17, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:11:p:3166-:d:564643
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lahnaoui, Amin & Wulf, Christina & Heinrichs, Heidi & Dalmazzone, Didier, 2018. "Optimizing hydrogen transportation system for mobility by minimizing the cost of transportation via compressed gas truck in North Rhine-Westphalia," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C), pages 317-328.
    2. Reuß, Markus & Grube, Thomas & Robinius, Martin & Stolten, Detlef, 2019. "A hydrogen supply chain with spatial resolution: Comparative analysis of infrastructure technologies in Germany," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C), pages 438-453.
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    5. Reuß, M. & Grube, T. & Robinius, M. & Preuster, P. & Wasserscheid, P. & Stolten, D., 2017. "Seasonal storage and alternative carriers: A flexible hydrogen supply chain model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 290-302.
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    5. Sgarbossa, Fabio & Arena, Simone & Tang, Ou & Peron, Mirco, 2023. "Renewable hydrogen supply chains: A planning matrix and an agenda for future research," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    6. Yilmaz, Hasan Ümitcan & Kimbrough, Steven O. & van Dinther, Clemens & Keles, Dogan, 2022. "Power-to-gas: Decarbonization of the European electricity system with synthetic methane," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    7. Sgarbossa, Fabio & Arena, Simone & Tang, Ou & Peron, Mirco, 2022. "Reprint of: Renewable hydrogen supply chains: A planning matrix and an agenda for future research," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    8. Tomasz Jałowiec & Dariusz Grala & Piotr Maśloch & Henryk Wojtaszek & Grzegorz Maśloch & Agnieszka Wójcik-Czerniawska, 2022. "Analysis of the Implementation of Functional Hydrogen Assumptions in Poland and Germany," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-25, November.
    9. Mukelabai, Mulako Dean & Wijayantha, Upul K.G. & Blanchard, Richard E., 2022. "Renewable hydrogen economy outlook in Africa," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    10. Gupta, Ruchi & Guibentif, Thomas M.M. & Friedl, Markus & Parra, David & Patel, Martin Kumar, 2023. "Macroeconomic analysis of a new green hydrogen industry using Input-Output analysis: The case of Switzerland," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    11. Masih Mojarrad & Sana Farhoudian & Pavlo Mikheenko, 2022. "Superconductivity and Hydrogen Economy: A Roadmap to Synergy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-12, August.

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