IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v13y2020i5p1093-d327074.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Comparing Power-System and User-Oriented Battery Electric Vehicle Charging Representation and Its Implications on Energy System Modeling

Author

Listed:
  • Niklas Wulff

    (Department of Energy Systems Analysis, Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany)

  • Felix Steck

    (Department of Passenger Transport, Institute of Transport Research, German Aerospace Center, Rudower Chaussee 7, 12489 Berlin, Germany)

  • Hans Christian Gils

    (Department of Energy Systems Analysis, Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany)

  • Carsten Hoyer-Klick

    (Department of Energy Systems Analysis, Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany)

  • Bent van den Adel

    (Department of Vehicle Systems and Technology Assessment, Institute of Vehicle Concepts, German Aerospace Center, Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany)

  • John E. Anderson

    (Department of Passenger Transport, Institute of Transport Research, German Aerospace Center, Rudower Chaussee 7, 12489 Berlin, Germany)

Abstract

Battery electric vehicles (BEV) provide an opportunity to balance supply and demand in future power systems with high shares of fluctuating renewable energy. Compared to other storage systems such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity, electric vehicle energy demand is highly dependent on charging and connection choices of vehicle users. We present a model framework of a utility-based stock and flow model, a utility-based microsimulation of charging decisions, and an energy system model including respective interfaces to assess how the representation of battery electric vehicle charging affects energy system optimization results. We then apply the framework to a scenario study for controlled charging of nine million electric vehicles in Germany in 2030. Assuming a respective fleet power demand of 27 TWh, we analyze the difference between power-system-based and vehicle user-based charging decisions in two respective scenarios. Our results show that taking into account vehicle users’ charging and connection decisions significantly decreases the load shifting potential of controlled charging. The analysis of marginal values of equations and variables of the optimization problem yields valuable insights on the importance of specific constraints and optimization variables. Assumptions on fleet battery availability and a detailed representation of fast charging are found to have a strong impact on wind curtailment, renewable energy feed-in, and required gas power plant flexibility. A representation of fleet connection to the grid in high temporal detail is less important. Peak load can be reduced by 5% and 3% in both scenarios, respectively. Shifted load is robust across sensitivity analyses while other model results such as curtailment are more sensitive to factors such as underlying data years. Analyzing the importance of increased BEV fleet battery availability for power systems with different weather and electricity demand characteristics should be further scrutinized.

Suggested Citation

  • Niklas Wulff & Felix Steck & Hans Christian Gils & Carsten Hoyer-Klick & Bent van den Adel & John E. Anderson, 2020. "Comparing Power-System and User-Oriented Battery Electric Vehicle Charging Representation and Its Implications on Energy System Modeling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-41, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:5:p:1093-:d:327074
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/5/1093/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/5/1093/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Neaimeh, Myriam & Salisbury, Shawn D. & Hill, Graeme A. & Blythe, Philip T. & Scoffield, Don R. & Francfort, James E., 2017. "Analysing the usage and evidencing the importance of fast chargers for the adoption of battery electric vehicles," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 474-486.
    2. Gils, Hans Christian & Simon, Sonja, 2017. "Carbon neutral archipelago – 100% renewable energy supply for the Canary Islands," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 342-355.
    3. Ramea, Kalai & Bunch, David S. & Yang, Christopher & Yeh, Sonia & Ogden, Joan M., 2018. "Integration of behavioral effects from vehicle choice models into long-term energy systems optimization models," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 663-676.
    4. Taljegard, M. & Göransson, L. & Odenberger, M. & Johnsson, F., 2019. "Impacts of electric vehicles on the electricity generation portfolio – A Scandinavian-German case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 1637-1650.
    5. Huber, Matthias & Dimkova, Desislava & Hamacher, Thomas, 2014. "Integration of wind and solar power in Europe: Assessment of flexibility requirements," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 236-246.
    6. Martin Robinius & Alexander Otto & Philipp Heuser & Lara Welder & Konstantinos Syranidis & David S. Ryberg & Thomas Grube & Peter Markewitz & Ralf Peters & Detlef Stolten, 2017. "Linking the Power and Transport Sectors—Part 1: The Principle of Sector Coupling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-22, July.
    7. Brown, T. & Schlachtberger, D. & Kies, A. & Schramm, S. & Greiner, M., 2018. "Synergies of sector coupling and transmission reinforcement in a cost-optimised, highly renewable European energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 720-739.
    8. Martin Robinius & Alexander Otto & Konstantinos Syranidis & David S. Ryberg & Philipp Heuser & Lara Welder & Thomas Grube & Peter Markewitz & Vanessa Tietze & Detlef Stolten, 2017. "Linking the Power and Transport Sectors—Part 2: Modelling a Sector Coupling Scenario for Germany," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-23, July.
    9. Scholz, Yvonne & Gils, Hans Christian & Pietzcker, Robert C., 2017. "Application of a high-detail energy system model to derive power sector characteristics at high wind and solar shares," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 568-582.
    10. Gils, Hans Christian & Scholz, Yvonne & Pregger, Thomas & Luca de Tena, Diego & Heide, Dominik, 2017. "Integrated modelling of variable renewable energy-based power supply in Europe," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 173-188.
    11. Bailey, Joseph & Axsen, Jonn, 2015. "Anticipating PEV buyers’ acceptance of utility controlled charging," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 29-46.
    12. Hans Christian Gils & Sonja Simon & Rafael Soria, 2017. "100% Renewable Energy Supply for Brazil—The Role of Sector Coupling and Regional Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-22, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Robert Pietracho & Christoph Wenge & Stephan Balischewski & Pio Lombardi & Przemyslaw Komarnicki & Leszek Kasprzyk & Damian Burzyński, 2021. "Potential of Using Medium Electric Vehicle Fleet in a Commercial Enterprise Transport in Germany on the Basis of Real-World GPS Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-23, August.
    2. Lauvergne, Rémi & Perez, Yannick & Françon, Mathilde & Tejeda De La Cruz, Alberto, 2022. "Integration of electric vehicles into transmission grids: A case study on generation adequacy in Europe in 2040," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    3. Wohlschlager, Daniela & Kigle, Stephan & Schindler, Vanessa & Neitz-Regett, Anika & Fröhling, Magnus, 2024. "Environmental effects of vehicle-to-grid charging in future energy systems – A prospective life cycle assessment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 370(C).
    4. Zongfei Wang & Patrick Jochem & Hasan Ümitcan Yilmaz & Lei Xu, 2022. "Integrating vehicle‐to‐grid technology into energy system models: Novel methods and their impact on greenhouse gas emissions," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 26(2), pages 392-405, April.
    5. Mangipinto, Andrea & Lombardi, Francesco & Sanvito, Francesco Davide & Pavičević, Matija & Quoilin, Sylvain & Colombo, Emanuela, 2022. "Impact of mass-scale deployment of electric vehicles and benefits of smart charging across all European countries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    6. Niklas Wulff & Fabia Miorelli & Hans Christian Gils & Patrick Jochem, 2021. "Vehicle Energy Consumption in Python (VencoPy): Presenting and Demonstrating an Open-Source Tool to Calculate Electric Vehicle Charging Flexibility," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-23, July.
    7. Strobel, Leo & Schlund, Jonas & Pruckner, Marco, 2022. "Joint analysis of regional and national power system impacts of electric vehicles—A case study for Germany on the county level in 2030," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 315(C).
    8. Tobias Junne & Karl-Kiên Cao & Kim Kira Miskiw & Heidi Hottenroth & Tobias Naegler, 2021. "Considering Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Power System Expansion Planning for Europe and North Africa Using Multi-Objective Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-26, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Maruf, Md. Nasimul Islam, 2021. "Open model-based analysis of a 100% renewable and sector-coupled energy system–The case of Germany in 2050," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    2. Stefan Arens & Sunke Schlüters & Benedikt Hanke & Karsten von Maydell & Carsten Agert, 2020. "Sustainable Residential Energy Supply: A Literature Review-Based Morphological Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-28, January.
    3. Stöckl, Fabian & Schill, Wolf-Peter & Zerrahn, Alexander, 2021. "Optimal supply chains and power sector benefits of green hydrogen," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 11.
    4. Sonja Simon & Tobias Naegler & Hans Christian Gils, 2018. "Transformation towards a Renewable Energy System in Brazil and Mexico—Technological and Structural Options for Latin America," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-26, April.
    5. Karl-Kiên Cao & Johannes Metzdorf & Sinan Birbalta, 2018. "Incorporating Power Transmission Bottlenecks into Aggregated Energy System Models," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-32, June.
    6. Karl-Kiên Cao & Kai von Krbek & Manuel Wetzel & Felix Cebulla & Sebastian Schreck, 2019. "Classification and Evaluation of Concepts for Improving the Performance of Applied Energy System Optimization Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-51, December.
    7. Ortiz-Imedio, Rafael & Caglayan, Dilara Gulcin & Ortiz, Alfredo & Heinrichs, Heidi & Robinius, Martin & Stolten, Detlef & Ortiz, Inmaculada, 2021. "Power-to-Ships: Future electricity and hydrogen demands for shipping on the Atlantic coast of Europe in 2050," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    8. Hansen, Kenneth & Breyer, Christian & Lund, Henrik, 2019. "Status and perspectives on 100% renewable energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 471-480.
    9. Md. Nasimul Islam Maruf, 2021. "A Novel Method for Analyzing Highly Renewable and Sector-Coupled Subnational Energy Systems—Case Study of Schleswig-Holstein," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-24, March.
    10. Md. Nasimul Islam Maruf, 2019. "Sector Coupling in the North Sea Region—A Review on the Energy System Modelling Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-35, November.
    11. Gils, Hans Christian & Gardian, Hedda & Schmugge, Jens, 2021. "Interaction of hydrogen infrastructures with other sector coupling options towards a zero-emission energy system in Germany," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 140-156.
    12. Blanco, Herib & Gómez Vilchez, Jonatan J. & Nijs, Wouter & Thiel, Christian & Faaij, André, 2019. "Soft-linking of a behavioral model for transport with energy system cost optimization applied to hydrogen in EU," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    13. Niina Helistö & Juha Kiviluoma & Hannele Holttinen & Jose Daniel Lara & Bri‐Mathias Hodge, 2019. "Including operational aspects in the planning of power systems with large amounts of variable generation: A review of modeling approaches," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 8(5), September.
    14. Els van der Roest & Theo Fens & Martin Bloemendal & Stijn Beernink & Jan Peter van der Hoek & Ad J. M. van Wijk, 2021. "The Impact of System Integration on System Costs of a Neighborhood Energy and Water System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-33, May.
    15. Matsuo, Yuhji & Endo, Seiya & Nagatomi, Yu & Shibata, Yoshiaki & Komiyama, Ryoichi & Fujii, Yasumasa, 2018. "A quantitative analysis of Japan's optimal power generation mix in 2050 and the role of CO2-free hydrogen," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 1200-1219.
    16. Jasmine Ramsebner & Reinhard Haas & Amela Ajanovic & Martin Wietschel, 2021. "The sector coupling concept: A critical review," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 10(4), July.
    17. Child, Michael & Kemfert, Claudia & Bogdanov, Dmitrii & Breyer, Christian, 2019. "Flexible electricity generation, grid exchange and storage for the transition to a 100% renewable energy system in Europe," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 139, pages 80-101.
    18. Colbertaldo, Paolo & Guandalini, Giulio & Campanari, Stefano, 2018. "Modelling the integrated power and transport energy system: The role of power-to-gas and hydrogen in long-term scenarios for Italy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 592-601.
    19. Lopion, Peter & Markewitz, Peter & Robinius, Martin & Stolten, Detlef, 2018. "A review of current challenges and trends in energy systems modeling," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 156-166.
    20. Arjuna Nebel & Julián Cantor & Sherif Salim & Amro Salih & Dixit Patel, 2022. "The Role of Renewable Energies, Storage and Sector-Coupling Technologies in the German Energy Sector under Different CO 2 Emission Restrictions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-18, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:5:p:1093-:d:327074. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.