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Real-Time Building Smart Charging System Based on PV Forecast and Li-Ion Battery Degradation

Author

Listed:
  • Wiljan Vermeer

    (Electrical Sustainable Energy Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands)

  • Gautham Ram Chandra Mouli

    (Electrical Sustainable Energy Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands)

  • Pavol Bauer

    (Electrical Sustainable Energy Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands)

Abstract

This paper proposes a two-stage smart charging algorithm for future buildings equipped with an electric vehicle, battery energy storage, solar panels, and a heat pump. The first stage is a non-linear programming model that optimizes the charging of electric vehicles and battery energy storage based on a prediction of photovoltaïc (PV) power, building demand, electricity, and frequency regulation prices. Additionally, a Li-ion degradation model is used to assess the operational costs of the electric vehicle (EV) and battery. The second stage is a real-time control scheme that controls charging within the optimization time steps. Finally, both stages are incorporated in a moving horizon control framework, which is used to minimize and compensate for forecasting errors. It will be shown that the real-time control scheme has a significant influence on the obtained cost reduction. Furthermore, it will be shown that the degradation of an electric vehicle and battery energy storage system are non-negligible parts of the total cost of energy. However, despite relatively high operational costs, V2G can still be cost-effective when controlled optimally. The proposed solution decreases the total cost of energy with 98.6% compared to an uncontrolled case. Additionally, the financial benefits of vehicle-to-grid and operating as primary frequency regulation reserve are assessed.

Suggested Citation

  • Wiljan Vermeer & Gautham Ram Chandra Mouli & Pavol Bauer, 2020. "Real-Time Building Smart Charging System Based on PV Forecast and Li-Ion Battery Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-25, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:13:p:3415-:d:379646
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Shaikh, Pervez Hameed & Nor, Nursyarizal Bin Mohd & Nallagownden, Perumal & Elamvazuthi, Irraivan & Ibrahim, Taib, 2014. "A review on optimized control systems for building energy and comfort management of smart sustainable buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 409-429.
    2. Chandra Mouli, G.R. & Bauer, P. & Zeman, M., 2016. "System design for a solar powered electric vehicle charging station for workplaces," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 434-443.
    3. Ines Baccouche & Sabeur Jemmali & Bilal Manai & Noshin Omar & Najoua Essoukri Ben Amara, 2017. "Improved OCV Model of a Li-Ion NMC Battery for Online SOC Estimation Using the Extended Kalman Filter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-22, May.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Kenji Araki & Yasuyuki Ota & Anju Maeda & Minoru Kumano & Kensuke Nishioka, 2023. "Solar Electric Vehicles as Energy Sources in Disaster Zones: Physical and Social Factors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-25, April.
    3. Rauf, Huzaifa & Khalid, Muhammad & Arshad, Naveed, 2022. "Machine learning in state of health and remaining useful life estimation: Theoretical and technological development in battery degradation modelling," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    4. Alejandro Clemente & Ramon Costa-Castelló, 2020. "Redox Flow Batteries: A Literature Review Oriented to Automatic Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-31, September.
    5. Kang, Hyuna & Jung, Seunghoon & Lee, Minhyun & Hong, Taehoon, 2022. "How to better share energy towards a carbon-neutral city? A review on application strategies of battery energy storage system in city," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).

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