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Evaporative Cooling Options for Building Air-Conditioning: A Comprehensive Study for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan)

Author

Listed:
  • Shazia Noor

    (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Hadeed Ashraf

    (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Sultan

    (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Zahid Mahmood Khan

    (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

Abstract

This study provides comprehensive details of evaporative cooling options for building air-conditioning (AC) in Multan (Pakistan). Standalone evaporative cooling and standalone vapor compression AC (VCAC) systems are commonly used in Pakistan. Therefore, seven AC system configurations comprising of direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), VCAC, and their possible combinations, are explored for the climatic conditions of Multan. The study aims to explore the optimum AC system configuration for the building AC from the viewpoints of cooling capacity, system performance, energy consumption, and CO 2 emissions. A simulation model was designed in DesignBuilder and simulated using EnergyPlus in order to optimize the applicability of the proposed systems. The standalone VCAC and hybrid IEC-VCAC & IEC-DEC-VCAC system configurations could achieve the desired human thermal comfort. The standalone DEC resulted in a maximum COP of 4.5, whereas, it was 2.1 in case of the hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC system. The hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC system achieved maximum temperature gradient (21 °C) and relatively less CO 2 emissions as compared to standalone VCAC. In addition, it provided maximum cooling capacity (184 kW for work input of 100 kW), which is 85% higher than the standalone DEC system. Furthermore, it achieved neutral to slightly cool human thermal comfort i.e., 0 to −1 predicted mean vote and 30% of predicted percentage dissatisfied. Thus, the study concludes the hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC as an optimum configuration for building AC in Multan.

Suggested Citation

  • Shazia Noor & Hadeed Ashraf & Muhammad Sultan & Zahid Mahmood Khan, 2020. "Evaporative Cooling Options for Building Air-Conditioning: A Comprehensive Study for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-23, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:12:p:3061-:d:370942
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    Cited by:

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    2. Hafiz M. Asfahan & Uzair Sajjad & Muhammad Sultan & Imtiyaz Hussain & Khalid Hamid & Mubasher Ali & Chi-Chuan Wang & Redmond R. Shamshiri & Muhammad Usman Khan, 2021. "Artificial Intelligence for the Prediction of the Thermal Performance of Evaporative Cooling Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-20, July.
    3. Faizan Shabir & Muhammad Sultan & Yasir Niaz & Muhammad Usman & Sobhy M. Ibrahim & Yongqiang Feng & Bukke Kiran Naik & Abdul Nasir & Imran Ali, 2020. "Steady-State Investigation of Carbon-Based Adsorbent–Adsorbate Pairs for Heat Transformation Application," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-15, August.
    4. Hadeed Ashraf & Muhammad Sultan & Uzair Sajjad & Muhammad Wakil Shahzad & Muhammad Farooq & Sobhy M. Ibrahim & Muhammad Usman Khan & Muhammad Ahmad Jamil, 2022. "Potential Investigation of Membrane Energy Recovery Ventilators for the Management of Building Air-Conditioning Loads," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-23, March.
    5. Khawar Shahzad & Muhammad Sultan & Muhammad Bilal & Hadeed Ashraf & Muhammad Farooq & Takahiko Miyazaki & Uzair Sajjad & Imran Ali & Muhammad I. Hussain, 2021. "Experiments on Energy-Efficient Evaporative Cooling Systems for Poultry Farm Application in Multan (Pakistan)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-21, March.
    6. Muhammad Aleem & Ghulam Hussain & Muhammad Sultan & Takahiko Miyazaki & Muhammad H. Mahmood & Muhammad I. Sabir & Abdul Nasir & Faizan Shabir & Zahid M. Khan, 2020. "Experimental Investigation of Desiccant Dehumidification Cooling System for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-23, October.

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