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On Small Signal Frequency Stability under Virtual Inertia and the Role of PLLs

Author

Listed:
  • Sohail Khan

    (Electric Energy Systems, Center of Energy, Austrian Institute of Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria)

  • Benoit Bletterie

    (Electric Energy Systems, Center of Energy, Austrian Institute of Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria)

  • Adolfo Anta

    (Electric Energy Systems, Center of Energy, Austrian Institute of Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria)

  • Wolfgang Gawlik

    (Institute for Energy Systems and Electrical Drives, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria)

Abstract

This paper presents a methodology that aims at identifying virtual inertia (VI) gain limitations from virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) while maintaining the frequency stability considering the delay associated with the frequency measurement process. The phase-locked loop (PLL) is typically used for frequency estimation that is used to calculate the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) and it drives the VI loop. The PLL is generally accompanied by a low-pass filter that aims to suppress the impact of harmonics. This filter introduces a delay that when used with the VI control loop causes stability issues for high values of VI gain. A comparison of various PLL approaches suggests that certain variants tend to permit higher value of cut-off frequencies which can be utilized to increase the VI gain limit from VSG. This study presents a method by which the upper limit on VI gain can be quantified and related to the cut-off frequency of the PLL low pass filter that is indirectly representing the delay. It is performed using small signal frequency stability analysis on the frequency domain model of the grid with virtual inertia emulating VSG. The effective maximum VI gain from VSG is explored while satisfying the frequency measurement accuracy specification considering harmonics. The results show that the requirements of reaching a stable operation with sufficient stability margins can still be met with a faster PLL-based system and the potential increases in VI support from VSG can be quantified using the proposed method. The study has been first performed on a single machine single inverter bus (SMSIB) system and is generalized to the multi-machine and multi-inverter system.

Suggested Citation

  • Sohail Khan & Benoit Bletterie & Adolfo Anta & Wolfgang Gawlik, 2018. "On Small Signal Frequency Stability under Virtual Inertia and the Role of PLLs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-18, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:9:p:2372-:d:168632
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Evangelia Xypolytou & Wolfgang Gawlik & Tanja Zseby & Joachim Fabini, 2018. "Impact of Asynchronous Renewable Generation Infeed on Grid Frequency: Analysis Based on Synchrophasor Measurements," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-10, May.
    2. Rezkalla, Michel & Zecchino, Antonio & Martinenas, Sergejus & Prostejovsky, Alexander M. & Marinelli, Mattia, 2018. "Comparison between synthetic inertia and fast frequency containment control based on single phase EVs in a microgrid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 764-775.
    3. Henning Thiesen & Clemens Jauch & Arne Gloe, 2016. "Design of a System Substituting Today’s Inherent Inertia in the European Continental Synchronous Area," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-12, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yifei Wang & Youxin Yuan, 2019. "Inertia Provision and Small Signal Stability Analysis of a Wind-Power Generation System Using Phase-Locked Synchronized Equation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-21, March.
    2. Yaya Zhang & Jianzhong Zhu & Xueyu Dong & Pinchao Zhao & Peng Ge & Xiaolian Zhang, 2019. "A Control Strategy for Smooth Power Tracking of a Grid-Connected Virtual Synchronous Generator Based on Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-24, August.
    3. Asghar Sabati & Ramazan Bayindir & Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban & Eklas Hossain & Mehmet Rida Tur, 2019. "Small Signal Stability with the Householder Method in Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-16, September.
    4. Yuxia Jiang & Yonggang Li & Yanjun Tian & Luo Wang, 2018. "Phase-Locked Loop Research of Grid-Connected Inverter Based on Impedance Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-21, November.

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