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Design of a System Substituting Today’s Inherent Inertia in the European Continental Synchronous Area

Author

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  • Henning Thiesen

    (Wind Energy Technology Institute, Center for Sustainable Energy Systems Flensburg, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, Flensburg 24943, Germany)

  • Clemens Jauch

    (Wind Energy Technology Institute, Center for Sustainable Energy Systems Flensburg, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, Flensburg 24943, Germany)

  • Arne Gloe

    (Wind Energy Technology Institute, Center for Sustainable Energy Systems Flensburg, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, Flensburg 24943, Germany)

Abstract

In alternating current (AC) power systems the power generated by power plants has to match the power drawn by consumers plus the system losses at any time. In the case of an imbalance between generation and consumption the frequency in the system deviates from its rated value. In order to avoid an unsuitable frequency, control power plants have to step in to level out this imbalance. Control power plants need time to adjust their power, which is why the inertial behaviour of today’s AC systems is crucial for frequency control. In this paper it is discussed that the inertia in the European Continental Synchronous Area decreases due to the transition to renewable energy sources. This will become a problem for frequency control, which is why the provision of non-inherent inertia is proposed. This system consists of fast-responding energy storage. Its dimensions in terms of power and energy are determined. Since such non-inherent inertia requires investments a cost-efficient solution has to be found. Different technologies are compared in terms of the newly-introduced levelised cost of inertia. This paper concludes with the proposal that in future inertia should be traded and with the recommendation to use flywheels for this purpose, as these are the most cost-efficient solution for this task.

Suggested Citation

  • Henning Thiesen & Clemens Jauch & Arne Gloe, 2016. "Design of a System Substituting Today’s Inherent Inertia in the European Continental Synchronous Area," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-12, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:9:y:2016:i:8:p:582-:d:74783
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    4. Thongchart Kerdphol & Fathin Saifur Rahman & Yasunori Mitani, 2018. "Virtual Inertia Control Application to Enhance Frequency Stability of Interconnected Power Systems with High Renewable Energy Penetration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-16, April.
    5. Alija Mujcinagic & Mirza Kusljugic & Emir Nukic, 2020. "Wind Inertial Response Based on the Center of Inertia Frequency of a Control Area," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-17, November.
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    7. Feng Wang & Lizheng Sun & Zhang Wen & Fang Zhuo, 2022. "Overview of Inertia Enhancement Methods in DC System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-25, September.
    8. Kohlhepp, Peter & Harb, Hassan & Wolisz, Henryk & Waczowicz, Simon & Müller, Dirk & Hagenmeyer, Veit, 2019. "Large-scale grid integration of residential thermal energy storages as demand-side flexibility resource: A review of international field studies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 527-547.
    9. Fernández-Guillamón, Ana & Gómez-Lázaro, Emilio & Muljadi, Eduard & Molina-García, Ángel, 2019. "Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    10. Henning Thiesen & Clemens Jauch, 2021. "Application of a New Dispatch Methodology to Identify the Influence of Inertia Supplying Wind Turbines on Day-Ahead Market Sales Volumes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-19, February.
    11. Lee, Rachel & Homan, Samuel & Mac Dowell, Niall & Brown, Solomon, 2019. "A closed-loop analysis of grid scale battery systems providing frequency response and reserve services in a variable inertia grid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C), pages 961-972.
    12. Makolo, Peter & Zamora, Ramon & Lie, Tek-Tjing, 2021. "The role of inertia for grid flexibility under high penetration of variable renewables - A review of challenges and solutions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    13. Ullmark, Jonathan & Göransson, Lisa & Chen, Peiyuan & Bongiorno, Massimo & Johnsson, Filip, 2021. "Inclusion of frequency control constraints in energy system investment modeling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 249-262.
    14. Sohail Khan & Benoit Bletterie & Adolfo Anta & Wolfgang Gawlik, 2018. "On Small Signal Frequency Stability under Virtual Inertia and the Role of PLLs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-18, September.

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