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Influence of Hydrothermal Carbonization on Composition, Formation and Elimination of Biphenyls, Dioxins and Furans in Sewage Sludge

Author

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  • Heiner Brookman

    (Faculty of Resource Management, University of Applied Sciences and Arts (HAWK), 37075 Göttingen, Germany)

  • Fabian Gievers

    (Faculty of Resource Management, University of Applied Sciences and Arts (HAWK), 37075 Göttingen, Germany)

  • Volker Zelinski

    (Faculty of Resource Management, University of Applied Sciences and Arts (HAWK), 37075 Göttingen, Germany)

  • Jan Ohlert

    (Institute of Chemistry, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany)

  • Achim Loewen

    (Faculty of Resource Management, University of Applied Sciences and Arts (HAWK), 37075 Göttingen, Germany)

Abstract

In many areas of application, the influence of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) on the composition of organic pollutants is still unexplored. In this study, sewage sludge (SS) was carbonized and the input as well as the hydrochar were examined for the organic pollutants: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs). The process temperatures of carbonization were 200 °C, 220 °C, and 240 °C and the holding time was 5 h for all tests. The total concentration of PCBs was relatively stable for all temperatures, whereas the toxicity equivalent (WHO-TEQ) at 200 °C and 220 °C increases compared to the input material. The strongest impact on toxicity was observed for PCDDs where concentrations were reduced for higher temperatures, whereas the toxicity increases by more than 16 times for temperatures of 240 °C. The concentrations and toxicity of PCDFs were reduced for all carbonization temperatures. In hydrochar from HTC at 240 °C, the limit values for the application of SS in German agriculture have been exceeded. The results indicate that the process conditions for HTC should be controlled also for SS with average contamination if the hydrochar is to be used as material, especially in agriculture.

Suggested Citation

  • Heiner Brookman & Fabian Gievers & Volker Zelinski & Jan Ohlert & Achim Loewen, 2018. "Influence of Hydrothermal Carbonization on Composition, Formation and Elimination of Biphenyls, Dioxins and Furans in Sewage Sludge," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-13, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:6:p:1582-:d:152846
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dana Cordell & Stuart White, 2011. "Peak Phosphorus: Clarifying the Key Issues of a Vigorous Debate about Long-Term Phosphorus Security," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 3(10), pages 1-23, October.
    2. Andrea Kruse & Thomas A. Zevaco, 2018. "Properties of Hydrochar as Function of Feedstock, Reaction Conditions and Post-Treatment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-12, March.
    3. Michela Lucian & Luca Fiori, 2017. "Hydrothermal Carbonization of Waste Biomass: Process Design, Modeling, Energy Efficiency and Cost Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-18, February.
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    1. Fabio Merzari & Jillian Goldfarb & Gianni Andreottola & Tanja Mimmo & Maurizio Volpe & Luca Fiori, 2020. "Hydrothermal Carbonization as a Strategy for Sewage Sludge Management: Influence of Process Withdrawal Point on Hydrochar Properties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-22, June.

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