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A Bi-Level EV Aggregator Coordination Scheme for Load Variance Minimization with Renewable Energy Penetration Adaptability

Author

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  • Saad Ullah Khan

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea)

  • Khawaja Khalid Mehmood

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea)

  • Zunaib Maqsood Haider

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea)

  • Muhammad Kashif Rafique

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea)

  • Chul-Hwan Kim

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea)

Abstract

The provision of ancillary services by electric vehicles (EVs) such as load smoothing and renewable energy (RE) compensation in the form of an aggregated storage is more regulated in the smart grid context. As such, the presence of multiple EV aggregators in the distribution network requires adept supervision by the distribution system operator (DSO). In this paper, a coordination scheme of aggregators is proposed to smoothen the load profile of distribution networks by enacting EV discharging during peak load and off-peak charging, keeping in view the EV driving requirements. A bi-level on-line interaction procedure from the DSO to the aggregators and vice versa is devised to manage the aggregators based upon their energy capacity and requirements. The aggregators employ a water-filling algorithm in a two-step EV power allocation method. The proposed scheme operation is demonstrated on an medium voltage (MV) distribution feeder located in Seoul with its actual traffic density data. The results show the achievement of peak shaving and valley filling objectives under aggregator coordination and that the EVs are completely charged before departure. The effect of various EV penetration levels and adaptivity of the scheme to RE incorporation is also verified. Furthermore, a comparison with an existing peak shaving method shows the superior performance of the proposed scheme.

Suggested Citation

  • Saad Ullah Khan & Khawaja Khalid Mehmood & Zunaib Maqsood Haider & Muhammad Kashif Rafique & Chul-Hwan Kim, 2018. "A Bi-Level EV Aggregator Coordination Scheme for Load Variance Minimization with Renewable Energy Penetration Adaptability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-28, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:10:p:2809-:d:176614
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Saad Ullah Khan & Khawaja Khalid Mehmood & Zunaib Maqsood Haider & Muhammad Kashif Rafique & Muhammad Omer Khan & Chul-Hwan Kim, 2021. "Coordination of Multiple Electric Vehicle Aggregators for Peak Shaving and Valley Filling in Distribution Feeders," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-16, January.
    2. Kyuho Maeng & Sungmin Ko & Jungwoo Shin & Youngsang Cho, 2020. "How Much Electricity Sharing Will Electric Vehicle Owners Allow from Their Battery? Incorporating Vehicle-to-Grid Technology and Electricity Generation Mix," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-25, August.
    3. Ming Tang & Jian Wang & Xiaohua Wang, 2020. "Adaptable Source-Grid Planning for High Penetration of Renewable Energy Integrated System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-26, June.
    4. Yilu Wang & Zixuan Jia & Jianing Li & Xiaoping Zhang & Ray Zhang, 2021. "Optimal Bi-Level Scheduling Method of Vehicle-to-Grid and Ancillary Services of Aggregators with Conditional Value-at-Risk," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-16, October.

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