IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v10y2017i9p1337-d110952.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Flame Front Propagation in an Optical GDI Engine under Stoichiometric and Lean Burn Conditions

Author

Listed:
  • Santiago Martinez

    (Technological Institute of Aeronautics, São Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil)

  • Adrian Irimescu

    (Istituto Motori, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80125 Napoli, Italy)

  • Simona Silvia Merola

    (Istituto Motori, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80125 Napoli, Italy)

  • Pedro Lacava

    (Technological Institute of Aeronautics, São Jose dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil)

  • Pedro Curto-Riso

    (Department of Applied Thermodynamics, University of La República, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay)

Abstract

Lean fueling of spark ignited (SI) engines is a valid method for increasing efficiency and reducing nitric oxide (NO x ) emissions. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) allows better fuel economy with respect to the port-fuel injection configuration, through greater flexibility to load changes, reduced tendency to abnormal combustion, and reduction of pumping and heat losses. During homogenous charge operation with lean mixtures, flame development is prolonged and incomplete combustion can even occur, causing a decrease in stability and engine efficiency. On the other hand, charge stratification results in fuel impingement on the combustion chamber walls and high particle emissions. Therefore, lean operation requires a fundamentally new understanding of in-cylinder processes for developing the next generation of direct-injection (DI) SI engines. In this paper, combustion was investigated in an optically accessible DISI single cylinder research engine fueled with gasoline. Stoichiometric and lean operations were studied in detail through a combined thermodynamic and optical approach. The engine was operated at a fixed rotational speed (1000 rpm), with a wide open throttle, and at the start of the injection during the intake stroke. The excess air ratio was raised from 1 to values close to the flammability limit, and spark timing was adopted according to the maximum brake torque setting for each case. Cycle resolved digital imaging and spectroscopy were applied; the optical data were correlated to in-cylinder pressure traces and exhaust gas emission measurements. Flame front propagation speed, flame morphology parameters, and centroid motion were evaluated through image processing. Chemical kinetics were characterized based on spectroscopy data. Lean burn operation demonstrated increased flame distortion and center movement from the location of the spark plug compared to the stoichiometric case; engine stability decreased as the lean flammability limit was approached.

Suggested Citation

  • Santiago Martinez & Adrian Irimescu & Simona Silvia Merola & Pedro Lacava & Pedro Curto-Riso, 2017. "Flame Front Propagation in an Optical GDI Engine under Stoichiometric and Lean Burn Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-23, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:9:p:1337-:d:110952
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/9/1337/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/9/1337/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Cheolwoong Park & Taeyoung Kim & Gyubaek Cho & Janghee Lee, 2016. "Combustion and Emission Characteristics According to the Fuel Injection Ratio of an Ultra-Lean LPG Direct Injection Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-12, November.
    2. Kim, Tae Young & Park, Cheolwoong & Oh, Seungmook & Cho, Gyuback, 2016. "The effects of stratified lean combustion and exhaust gas recirculation on combustion and emission characteristics of an LPG direct injection engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P1), pages 386-396.
    3. Park, Cheolwoong & Lee, Sunyoup & Yi, Uihyung, 2016. "Effects of engine operating conditions on particle emissions of lean-burn gasoline direct-injection engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P1), pages 1148-1155.
    4. Pasaoglu, Guzay & Harrison, Gillian & Jones, Lee & Hill, Andrew & Beaudet, Alexandre & Thiel, Christian, 2016. "A system dynamics based market agent model simulating future powertrain technology transition: Scenarios in the EU light duty vehicle road transport sector," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 133-146.
    5. Noori, Mehdi & Tatari, Omer, 2016. "Development of an agent-based model for regional market penetration projections of electric vehicles in the United States," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 215-230.
    6. Merola, Simona Silvia & Tornatore, Cinzia & Irimescu, Adrian & Marchitto, Luca & Valentino, Gerardo, 2016. "Optical diagnostics of early flame development in a DISI (direct injection spark ignition) engine fueled with n-butanol and gasoline," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 50-62.
    7. Irimescu, A. & Marchitto, L. & Merola, S.S. & Tornatore, C. & Valentino, G., 2015. "Combustion process investigations in an optically accessible DISI engine fuelled with n-butanol during part load operation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 363-376.
    8. Fu-Sheng Li & Guo-Xiu Li & Yan-Huan Jiang & Hong-Meng Li & Zuo-Yu Sun, 2017. "Study on the Effect of Flame Instability on the Flame Structural Characteristics of Hydrogen/Air Mixtures Based on the Fast Fourier Transform," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-16, May.
    9. Christopher I. Hill & Pericle Zanchetta & Serhiy V. Bozhko, 2012. "Accelerated Electromechanical Modeling of a Distributed Internal Combustion Engine Generator Unit," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(7), pages 1-16, July.
    10. Tianyou Wang & Daming Liu & Gangde Wang & Bingqian Tan & Zhijun Peng, 2015. "Effects of Variable Valve Lift on In-Cylinder Air Motion," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-18, December.
    11. Irimescu, Adrian & Merola, Simona Silvia & Valentino, Gerardo, 2016. "Application of an entrainment turbulent combustion model with validation based on the distribution of chemical species in an optical spark ignition engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 908-923.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. S.D. Martinez-Boggio & S.S. Merola & P. Teixeira Lacava & A. Irimescu & P.L. Curto-Risso, 2019. "Effect of Fuel and Air Dilution on Syngas Combustion in an Optical SI Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-23, April.
    2. Manfredi Villani & Phillip Aquino, 2020. "Turbulent Flame Geometry Measurements in a Mass-Production Gasoline Direct Injection Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-23, January.
    3. Giovanni Cecere & Adrian Irimescu & Simona Silvia Merola & Luciano Rolando & Federico Millo, 2022. "Lean Burn Flame Kernel Characterization for Different Spark Plug Designs and Orientations in an Optical GDI Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-17, May.
    4. Israel Reyes-Ramírez & Santiago D. Martínez-Boggio & Pedro L. Curto-Risso & Alejandro Medina & Antonio Calvo Hernández & Lev Guzmán-Vargas, 2018. "Symbolic Analysis of the Cycle-to-Cycle Variability of a Gasoline–Hydrogen Fueled Spark Engine Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-19, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Simona Silvia Merola & Adrian Irimescu & Silvana Di Iorio & Bianca Maria Vaglieco, 2017. "Effect of Fuel Injection Strategy on the Carbonaceous Structure Formation and Nanoparticle Emission in a DISI Engine Fuelled with Butanol," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-19, June.
    2. Zhen, Xudong & Wang, Yang & Liu, Daming, 2020. "Bio-butanol as a new generation of clean alternative fuel for SI (spark ignition) and CI (compression ignition) engines," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 2494-2521.
    3. Gnann, Till & Stephens, Thomas S. & Lin, Zhenhong & Plötz, Patrick & Liu, Changzheng & Brokate, Jens, 2018. "What drives the market for plug-in electric vehicles? - A review of international PEV market diffusion models," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 158-164.
    4. Liu, Zengbin & Zhen, Xudong & Tian, Zhi & Liu, Daming & Wang, Yang, 2024. "Study on the effect of injection strategy on the combustion and emission characteristics of direct injection spark ignition bio-butanol engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    5. Nugroho, Rizqi Ilma & Gnann, Till & Speth, Daniel & Purwanto, Widodo Wahyu & Hanafi, Jessica & Soehodho, Sutanto, 2024. "Agent-based simulation for market diffusion of passenger cars and motorcycles BEV in Greater Jakarta Area," Working Papers "Sustainability and Innovation" S05/2024, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI).
    6. Ranjit R. Desai & Eric Hittinger & Eric Williams, 2022. "Interaction of Consumer Heterogeneity and Technological Progress in the US Electric Vehicle Market," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-25, June.
    7. Harrison, Gillian & Thiel, Christian, 2017. "An exploratory policy analysis of electric vehicle sales competition and sensitivity to infrastructure in Europe," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 165-178.
    8. Wang, Zhuowei & Yu, Jiangbo (Gabe) & Chen, Anthony & Fu, Xiaowen, 2024. "Subsidy policies towards zero-emission bus fleets: A systematic technical-economic analysis," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 1-13.
    9. Wolbertus, Rick & van den Hoed, Robert & Kroesen, Maarten & Chorus, Caspar, 2021. "Charging infrastructure roll-out strategies for large scale introduction of electric vehicles in urban areas: An agent-based simulation study," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 262-285.
    10. Kim, Keunsoo & Kim, Junghwan & Oh, Seungmook & Kim, Changup & Lee, Yonggyu, 2017. "Evaluation of injection and ignition schemes for the ultra-lean combustion direct-injection LPG engine to control particulate emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 123-135.
    11. Wang, Ning & Shang, Kai & Duan, Yan & Qin, Dandan, 2023. "Carbon quota allocation modeling framework in the automotive industry based on repeated game theory: A case study of ten Chinese automotive enterprises," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    12. Blanco, Herib & Gómez Vilchez, Jonatan J. & Nijs, Wouter & Thiel, Christian & Faaij, André, 2019. "Soft-linking of a behavioral model for transport with energy system cost optimization applied to hydrogen in EU," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    13. Abd Rashid Abd Aziz & Yohannes Tamirat Anbese & Ftwi Yohaness Hagos & Morgan R. Heikal & Firmansyah, 2017. "Characteristics of Early Flame Development in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition CNG Engine Fitted with a Variable Swirl Control Valve," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-16, July.
    14. Jiang, Chenxu & Li, Zilong & Qian, Yong & Wang, Xiaole & Zhang, Yahui & Lu, Xingcai, 2018. "Influences of fuel injection strategies on combustion performance and regular/irregular emissions in a turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine: Commercial gasoline versus multi-components gasoli," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 173-187.
    15. Shi, Lei & Ji, Changwei & Wang, Shuofeng & Su, Teng & Cong, Xiaoyu & Wang, Du & Tang, Chuanqi, 2019. "Effects of second injection timing on combustion characteristics of the spark ignition direct injection gasoline engines with dimethyl ether enrichment in the intake port," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 10-18.
    16. Alexis S. Pascaris & Joshua M. Pearce, 2020. "U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emission Bottlenecks: Prioritization of Targets for Climate Liability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-28, August.
    17. Wang, Ning & Tang, Linhao & Zhang, Wenjian & Guo, Jiahui, 2019. "How to face the challenges caused by the abolishment of subsidies for electric vehicles in China?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 359-372.
    18. García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Martínez-Boggio, Santiago & Rückert Roso, Vinícius & Duarte Souza Alvarenga Santos, Nathália, 2020. "Potential of bio-ethanol in different advanced combustion modes for hybrid passenger vehicles," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 58-77.
    19. Li, Jingjing & Nian, Victor & Jiao, Jianling, 2022. "Diffusion and benefits evaluation of electric vehicles under policy interventions based on a multiagent system dynamics model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 309(C).
    20. Cheolwoong Park & Taeyoung Kim & Gyubaek Cho & Janghee Lee, 2016. "Combustion and Emission Characteristics According to the Fuel Injection Ratio of an Ultra-Lean LPG Direct Injection Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-12, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:9:p:1337-:d:110952. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.