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Intercropping Simulation Using the SWAP Model: Development of a 2×1D Algorithm

Author

Listed:
  • Victor Meriguetti Pinto

    (Soil Physics Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, PO Box 96, Piracicaba SP 13416-970, Brazil)

  • Jos C. van Dam

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands)

  • Quirijn de Jong van Lier

    (Soil Physics Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, PO Box 96, Piracicaba SP 13416-970, Brazil)

  • Klaus Reichardt

    (Soil Physics Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, PO Box 96, Piracicaba SP 13416-970, Brazil)

Abstract

Intercropping is a common cultivation system in sustainable agriculture, allowing crop diversity and better soil surface exploitation. Simulation of intercropped plants with integrated soil–plant–atmosphere models is a challenging procedure due to the requirement of a second spatial dimension for calculating the soil water lateral flux. Evaluations of more straightforward approaches for intercrop modeling are, therefore, mandatory. An adaptation of the 1D model Soil, Water, Atmosphere and Plant coupled to the World Food Studies (SWAP/WOFOST) to simulate intercropping (SWAP 2×1D) based on solar radiation and water partitioning between plant strips was developed and the outcomes are presented. An application of SWAP 2×1D to maize–soybean (MS) strip intercropping was evaluated against the monocropping maize (M) and soybean (S) simulated with the 1D model SWAP/WOFOST, and a sensitivity analysis of SWAP 2×1D was carried out for the intercropping MS. SWAP 2×1D was able to simulate the radiation interception by both crops in the intercropping MS and also to determine the effect of the radiation attenuation by maize on soybean plants. Intercropped plants presented higher transpiration and resulted in lower soil evaporation when compared to their equivalent monocropping cultivation. A numerical issue involving model instability caused by the simulated lateral water flux in the soil from one strip to the other was solved. The most sensitive plant parameters were those related to the taller plant strips in the intercropping, and soil retention curve parameters were overall all significantly sensitive for the water balance simulation. This implementation of the SWAP model presents an opportunity to simulate strip intercropping with a limited number of parameters, including the partitioning of radiation by a well-validated radiation sharing model and of soil water by simulating the lateral soil water fluxes between strips in the 2×1D environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Victor Meriguetti Pinto & Jos C. van Dam & Quirijn de Jong van Lier & Klaus Reichardt, 2019. "Intercropping Simulation Using the SWAP Model: Development of a 2×1D Algorithm," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-19, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:9:y:2019:i:6:p:126-:d:240248
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gao, Yang & Duan, Aiwang & Qiu, Xinqiang & Liu, Zugui & Sun, Jingsheng & Zhang, Junpeng & Wang, Hezhou, 2010. "Distribution of roots and root length density in a maize/soybean strip intercropping system," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 98(1), pages 199-212, December.
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    4. Heike Knörzer & Simone Graeff-Hönninger & Bettina U. Müller & Hans-Peter Piepho & Wilhelm Claupein, 2010. "A Modeling Approach to Simulate Effects of Intercropping and Interspecific Competition in Arable Crops," International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change (IJISSC), IGI Global, vol. 1(4), pages 44-65, October.
    5. de Jong van Lier, Quirijn, 2017. "Field capacity, a valid upper limit of crop available water?," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 214-220.
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    1. Heinen, Marius & Mulder, Martin & van Dam, Jos & Bartholomeus, Ruud & de Jong van Lier, Quirijn & de Wit, Janine & de Wit, Allard & Hack - ten Broeke, Mirjam, 2024. "SWAP 50 years: Advances in modelling soil-water-atmosphere-plant interactions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
    2. Rares Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir & Asdrubal Jesus Farias-Ramirez & Jarbas Honorio de Miranda & Maria Alejandra Moreno-Pizani & Sergio Nascimento Duarte & Franklin Javier Paredes-Trejo & Luca Salvati & Cris, 2022. "Simulation of Subsurface Drainage in the Sugarcane Crop under Different Spacing and Drain Depths," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-20, April.

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