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Spinach ( Spinacea oleracea L.) Response to Salinity: Nutritional Value, Physiological Parameters, Antioxidant Capacity, and Gene Expression

Author

Listed:
  • Jorge F. S. Ferreira

    (US Salinity Laboratory (USDA-ARS), Riverside, CA 92507, USA)

  • Devinder Sandhu

    (US Salinity Laboratory (USDA-ARS), Riverside, CA 92507, USA)

  • Xuan Liu

    (US Salinity Laboratory (USDA-ARS), Riverside, CA 92507, USA)

  • Jonathan J. Halvorson

    (Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), Mandan, ND 58554, USA)

Abstract

Scarcity of good-quality irrigation water is a major impediment to meet food demand for a growing world population. Recycled waters may be available locally more affordably, but their higher salinity is a concern. Salinity effects on spinach mineral composition, antioxidant capacity, photosynthesis, and gene expression have not been established. Spinach cv. Raccoon was greenhouse-grown and irrigated with four levels of water salinity of electrical conductivities (EC iw ) of 1.4 (control) or ranging from 3.6 to 9.4 dS m −1 , combined with three levels of K (3, 5, and 7 meq L −1 ). Irrigation waters had 2, 20, 40, and 80 meq L −1 of NaCl. After 23 treatment days, plants significantly accumulated Na and Cl in shoots and roots with increasing salinity, regardless of the K concentration in the irrigation water. Plants exhibited no visual symptoms of salt toxicity and there were no differences in shoot growth. Plants maintained their overall concentrations of mineral nutrients, physiological parameters, and oxalic acid across salinity treatments. Leaves retained all their antioxidant capacity at 20 meq L −1 NaCl, and 74% to 66% at 40 and 80 meq L −1 NaCl, respectively. Expression analyses of ten genes, that play important role in salt tolerance, indicated that although some genes were upregulated in plants under salinity, compared to the control, there was no association between Na or K tissue concentrations and gene expression. Results clearly show that spinach maintains its growth, mineral composition, and antioxidant capacity up to EC iw = 9.4 dS m −1 . As this salinity is equivalent to a soil salinity of 4.5 dS m −1 , spinach can tolerate over two-fold its previously-considered salinity threshold. Thus, growers can cultivate spinach using recycled, saline, waters without detriment to shoot biomass accumulation, and nutritional value.

Suggested Citation

  • Jorge F. S. Ferreira & Devinder Sandhu & Xuan Liu & Jonathan J. Halvorson, 2018. "Spinach ( Spinacea oleracea L.) Response to Salinity: Nutritional Value, Physiological Parameters, Antioxidant Capacity, and Gene Expression," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-16, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:8:y:2018:i:10:p:163-:d:176264
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chenxi Xu & Chen Jiao & Honghe Sun & Xiaofeng Cai & Xiaoli Wang & Chenhui Ge & Yi Zheng & Wenli Liu & Xuepeng Sun & Yimin Xu & Jie Deng & Zhonghua Zhang & Sanwen Huang & Shaojun Dai & Beiquan Mou & Qu, 2017. "Draft genome of spinach and transcriptome diversity of 120 Spinacia accessions," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 8(1), pages 1-10, August.
    2. Ors, Selda & Suarez, Donald L., 2017. "Spinach biomass yield and physiological response to interactive salinity and water stress," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 31-41.
    3. Fisarakis, I. & Chartzoulakis, K. & Stavrakas, D., 2001. "Response of Sultana vines (V. vinifera L.) on six rootstocks to NaCl salinity exposure and recovery," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 13-27, October.
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    1. Jorge F. S. Ferreira & Xuan Liu & Stella Ribeiro Prazeres Suddarth & Christina Nguyen & Devinder Sandhu, 2022. "NaCl Accumulation, Shoot Biomass, Antioxidant Capacity, and Gene Expression of Passiflora edulis f. Flavicarpa Deg. in Response to Irrigation Waters of Moderate to High Salinity," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-14, November.

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