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Regional Differences, Dynamic Evolution, and Convergence of Global Agricultural Energy Efficiency

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  • Ting Wang

    (School of Economics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China)

  • Jing Wu

    (School of Economics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China)

  • Jianghua Liu

    (Institute of Finance and Economics Research, School of Urban and Regional Science, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China)

Abstract

Understanding the regional disparities, dynamic evolution, and convergence–divergence characteristics of global agricultural energy efficiency is crucial for enhancing agricultural energy efficiency, ensuring food security, and responding to global green development trends. This paper utilizes 2002–2021 panel data from 144 countries globally, employing the epsilon-based measure–global Malmquist–Luenberger (EBM-GML) model to estimate agricultural energy efficiency, considering unexpected output. The Dagum Gini coefficient, kernel density estimation, spatial Markov matrix, and spatial convergence model are employed to explain the spatial patterns and evolving trends of global and regional agricultural energy efficiency at three levels: regional disparities, dynamic evolution, and convergence. The results indicate significant spatial heterogeneity in global agricultural energy efficiency, with Europe exhibiting the highest efficiency, followed by Asia and the Americas, while Oceania and Africa demonstrate the lowest efficiency. Agricultural energy efficiency globally and in each region continues to improve, with increasing regional disparities, and difficulties in grade transitions in agricultural energy efficiency across regions. Each region exhibits β-convergence characteristics, but the convergence rates vary, and various factors influence growth rates of agricultural energy efficiency differently across regions. Therefore, countries should tailor their strategies based on local conditions, considering their own resource endowments and developmental stages, and strengthen international exchanges and cooperation.

Suggested Citation

  • Ting Wang & Jing Wu & Jianghua Liu, 2024. "Regional Differences, Dynamic Evolution, and Convergence of Global Agricultural Energy Efficiency," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-29, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:14:y:2024:i:8:p:1429-:d:1461646
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