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Comparison between Liquid Immersion, Laser Diffraction, PDPA, and Shadowgraphy in Assessing Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles

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  • Salvatore Privitera

    (Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), Section of Mechanics and Mechanization, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy)

  • Emanuele Cerruto

    (Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), Section of Mechanics and Mechanization, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy)

  • Giuseppe Manetto

    (Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), Section of Mechanics and Mechanization, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy)

  • Sebastian Lupica

    (Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), Section of Mechanics and Mechanization, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy)

  • David Nuyttens

    (Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium)

  • Donald Dekeyser

    (Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium)

  • Ingrid Zwertvaegher

    (Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium)

  • Marconi Ribeiro Furtado Júnior

    (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36510-000, MG, Brazil)

  • Beatriz Costalonga Vargas

    (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36510-000, MG, Brazil)

Abstract

Spray droplet diameters play a key role in the field of liquid plant protection product (PPP) application technology. However, the availability of various measurement techniques, each with its unique operating principles for evaluating droplet size spectra, can lead to different interpretations of spray characteristics. Therefore, in this study, four measurement techniques—Liquid Immersion (LI), Laser Diffraction (LD), Phase Doppler Particle Analysis (PDPA), and Shadowgraphy (SG)—were utilized to evaluate the droplet size distribution of agricultural spray nozzles. Additionally, PDPA and SG were used to assess the average velocity of spray droplets. Experiments were conducted in three different laboratories with the main aim of comparing results obtained with various types of equipment utilized under ordinary practical conditions. Spraying tests were carried out using three flat fan nozzles and an air-induction flat fan nozzle. As a general trend, the lowest values for droplet diameters were measured using the Laser Diffraction technique, followed by Shadowgraphy. The PDPA technique provided the highest values for mean diameters ( D 10 , D 20 , and D 30 ) and the numeric median diameter ( Dn 0.5 ), whereas the Liquid Immersion method yielded the highest values for the Sauter mean diameter ( D 32 ) and volumetric diameters ( Dv 0.1 , Dv 0.5 , and Dv 0.9 ). Importantly, all measurement techniques were able to discriminate the four nozzles based on their Dv 0.5 diameter. Average droplet velocities showed a similar pattern across the four nozzles with the PDPA and the SG measurement techniques. The differences in diameter values observed with the four measurement techniques underline the necessity of always including reference nozzles in spray quality assessments to base classifications on relative rather than absolute values.

Suggested Citation

  • Salvatore Privitera & Emanuele Cerruto & Giuseppe Manetto & Sebastian Lupica & David Nuyttens & Donald Dekeyser & Ingrid Zwertvaegher & Marconi Ribeiro Furtado Júnior & Beatriz Costalonga Vargas, 2024. "Comparison between Liquid Immersion, Laser Diffraction, PDPA, and Shadowgraphy in Assessing Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-20, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:14:y:2024:i:7:p:1191-:d:1438812
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Muyesaier Tudi & Huada Daniel Ruan & Li Wang & Jia Lyu & Ross Sadler & Des Connell & Cordia Chu & Dung Tri Phung, 2021. "Agriculture Development, Pesticide Application and Its Impact on the Environment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-23, January.
    2. Christos A. Damalas & Ilias G. Eleftherohorinos, 2011. "Pesticide Exposure, Safety Issues, and Risk Assessment Indicators," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(5), pages 1-18, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Sérgio Basílio & Marconi Ribeiro Furtado Júnior & Cleyton Batista de Alvarenga & Edney Leandro da Vitória & Beatriz Costalonga Vargas & Salvatore Privitera & Luciano Caruso & Emanuele Cerruto & Giusep, 2024. "Effect of Adjuvants on Physical–Chemical Properties, Droplet Size, and Drift Reduction Potential," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-21, December.

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