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Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency and Status of Phosphorus Reuse in China from 1990 to 2019

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  • Yifan Wu

    (School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China)

  • Jingyu Liu

    (School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China)

  • Yong Geng

    (School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China)

  • Dong Wu

    (College of Smart Energy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China)

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for supporting our life and is a non-renewable resource. This study applied dynamic material flow analysis to elucidate the phosphorus flow characteristics in China over the period from 1990–2019. Based on this, we developed a P resource efficiency index system and further explored the potential reasons for the changes in different areas by analyzing the inflow, outflow, and reuse of P in various modules. Results show that the phosphorus utilization efficiency (PUE) in crop planting increased from 63% in 1990 to 72% in 2019, while this figure in feeding livestock increased from 35% in 1990 to 42% in 2019 due to the utilization of straw. The figure in aquaculture remained low at 9% in 2019. The total P amount used for human consumption increased to 2562 Gg in 2019 due to changes in dietary habits, and the overall P recycling rate (PRR) for various human activities jumped to 58% in 2019. Based upon these results, several policy suggestions are proposed from governance, technology, and economic instruments perspectives.

Suggested Citation

  • Yifan Wu & Jingyu Liu & Yong Geng & Dong Wu, 2023. "Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency and Status of Phosphorus Reuse in China from 1990 to 2019," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-17, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:13:y:2023:i:12:p:2262-:d:1298017
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. David Tilman & Kenneth G. Cassman & Pamela A. Matson & Rosamond Naylor & Stephen Polasky, 2002. "Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices," Nature, Nature, vol. 418(6898), pages 671-677, August.
    2. Wang, Mengru & Ma, Lin & Strokal, Maryna & Chu, Yanan & Kroeze, Carolien, 2018. "Exploring nutrient management options to increase nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies in food production of China," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 58-72.
    3. T. Zou & X. Zhang & E. A. Davidson, 2022. "Global trends of cropland phosphorus use and sustainability challenges," Nature, Nature, vol. 611(7934), pages 81-87, November.
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