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Impact of Cropping Pattern and Climatic Parameters in Lower Chenab Canal System—Case Study from Punjab Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Ahmad Mujtaba

    (Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • Ghulam Nabi

    (Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Masood

    (Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • Mudassar Iqbal

    (Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • Hafiz M. Asfahan

    (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bosan Road, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Sultan

    (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bosan Road, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Faizan Majeed

    (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bosan Road, Multan 60800, Pakistan
    Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany)

  • Oliver Hensel

    (Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany)

  • Abozar Nasirahmadi

    (Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany)

Abstract

In Pakistan, groundwater resources are depleting at an alarming rate due to intensive pumping, shifting of cropping patterns, and climate change vulnerability. The present study is aimed at investigating groundwater stress in the command area of Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) and associated branch canals. Groundwater stress is determined by considering the cropping patterns, surface water availability, groundwater levels, climatic variation, and crop water requirement (CWR) in the LCC command area. The climatic data is obtained from the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) from 1990 to 2020. The records of temporal variation in cropping patterns are obtained from the Crop Reporting Service (CRS), Directorate of Agriculture, Lahore for the 1995–2020 period and classified according to Rabi season (November to April) and Kharif season (May to October). The LCC surface water flows data and groundwater levels are collected from the Punjab Irrigation Department (PID) Lahore from 2003 to 2018 and from 1995 to 2016, respectively. The CWR is estimated using the Cropwat 8.0 model and groundwater levels are estimated using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) tool of ArcGIS software. It has been determined that Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, and Toba Tek Singh are highly groundwater stress cities having an average drawdown rate of 0.58 m/year. The surface water availability is also decreased from 7.75 to 4.81 billion cubic meters (Bm 3 ) for the Kharif season whilst 4.17 to 2.63 Bm 3 for the Rabi season. This study concluded that due to severe conditions in highly stressed areas, policy planners, decision-makers, and stakeholders should sincerely take some steps for maintaining groundwater levels either by capacity building workshops for the farmers or limiting the number of tubewells.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmad Mujtaba & Ghulam Nabi & Muhammad Masood & Mudassar Iqbal & Hafiz M. Asfahan & Muhammad Sultan & Faizan Majeed & Oliver Hensel & Abozar Nasirahmadi, 2022. "Impact of Cropping Pattern and Climatic Parameters in Lower Chenab Canal System—Case Study from Punjab Pakistan," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-20, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:12:y:2022:i:5:p:708-:d:817601
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Asad Qureshi & Peter McCornick & A. Sarwar & Bharat Sharma, 2010. "Challenges and Prospects of Sustainable Groundwater Management in the Indus Basin, Pakistan," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 24(8), pages 1551-1569, June.
    2. Muhammad Ali Imran & Jinlan Xu & Muhammad Sultan & Redmond R. Shamshiri & Naveed Ahmed & Qaiser Javed & Hafiz Muhammad Asfahan & Yasir Latif & Muhammad Usman & Riaz Ahmad, 2021. "Free Discharge of Subsurface Drainage Effluent: An Alternate Design of the Surface Drain System in Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-13, April.
    3. Susanne M. Scheierling & David O. Tréguer, 2018. "Beyond Crop per Drop," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 29922.
    4. J. S. Famiglietti, 2014. "The global groundwater crisis," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 4(11), pages 945-948, November.
    5. Shah, M. Azeem Ali & Anwar, Arif A. & Bell, Andrew Reid & ul Haq, Zia, 2016. "Equity in a tertiary canal of the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS)," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 201-214.
    6. Ibrakhimov, Mirzakhayot & Awan, Usman Khalid & George, Biju & Liaqat, Umar Waqas, 2018. "Understanding surface water–groundwater interactions for managing large irrigation schemes in the multi-country Fergana valley, Central Asia," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 201(C), pages 99-106.
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