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Suitability of Composting Process for the Disposal and Valorization of Brewer’s Spent Grain

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  • Davide Assandri

    (Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
    Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility of the National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy)

  • Niccolò Pampuro

    (Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility of the National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy)

  • Giacomo Zara

    (Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy)

  • Eugenio Cavallo

    (Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility of the National Research Council of Italy, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy)

  • Marilena Budroni

    (Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy)

Abstract

The brewing industry is characterized by the large production of by-products. Following the fundamentals of a circular economy, several attempts to recycle brewers’ spent grain (BSG) have been investigated. However, little information is available on its use for composting. Considering the main parameters required for optimal development of composting, the objective of the present review was to analyze the literature to determine whether the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of BSG make it suitable for direct composting. As the main factors in the composting process, we considered the BSG moisture content, total carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, and pH. As described in the literature, the BSG moisture content, C/N ratio, and pH range from 70.6% to 81.3%, 7.1 to 26.5, and 3.8 to 6.9, respectively. This C/N ratio range is lower than the composting target range (20–30). Instead, the mean moisture content in the literature is higher than the 60% to 65% recommended for composting. Optimum pH for aerobic stabilization of compost ranges from 5.5 to 7.5, while the BSG pH in the literature is typically more acidic. Therefore, BSG is not suitable for direct composting. Addition of lignocellulosic bulking agents improves the reduction of moisture content during composting, while also optimizing the substrate properties, such as C/N ratio, air spaces, and pH, to positively affect the composting process. Moreover, livestock manure should be included as a starting material to promote the composting process. In this context, two hypothetical initial mixtures of BSG plus a lignocellulosic bulking agent and livestock manure are presented.

Suggested Citation

  • Davide Assandri & Niccolò Pampuro & Giacomo Zara & Eugenio Cavallo & Marilena Budroni, 2020. "Suitability of Composting Process for the Disposal and Valorization of Brewer’s Spent Grain," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-12, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:11:y:2020:i:1:p:2-:d:466191
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sérgio Ferreira & Eliseu Monteiro & Paulo Brito & Carlos Castro & Luís Calado & Cândida Vilarinho, 2019. "Experimental Analysis of Brewers’ Spent Grains Steam Gasification in an Allothermal Batch Reactor," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-14, March.
    2. Mateusz Jackowski & Lukasz Niedzwiecki & Magdalena Lech & Mateusz Wnukowski & Amit Arora & Monika Tkaczuk-Serafin & Marcin Baranowski & Krystian Krochmalny & Vivek K. Veetil & Przemysław Seruga & Anna, 2020. "HTC of Wet Residues of the Brewing Process: Comprehensive Characterization of Produced Beer, Spent Grain and Valorized Residues," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-20, April.
    3. Niccolò Pampuro & Patrizia Busato & Eugenio Cavallo, 2018. "Effect of Densification Conditions on Specific Energy Requirements and Physical Properties of Compacts Made from Hop Cone," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-10, September.
    4. Rojas-Chamorro, José A. & Romero, Inmaculada & López-Linares, Juan C. & Castro, Eulogio, 2020. "Brewer’s spent grain as a source of renewable fuel through optimized dilute acid pretreatment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 81-90.
    5. Van Dyk, J.S. & Gama, R. & Morrison, D. & Swart, S. & Pletschke, B.I., 2013. "Food processing waste: Problems, current management and prospects for utilisation of the lignocellulose component through enzyme synergistic degradation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 521-531.
    6. Niccolò Pampuro & Carlo Bisaglia & Elio Romano & Massimo Brambilla & Ester Foppa Pedretti & Eugenio Cavallo, 2017. "Phytotoxicity and Chemical Characterization of Compost Derived from Pig Slurry Solid Fraction for Organic Pellet Production," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 7(11), pages 1-10, November.
    7. Anubhav Pratap Singh & Ronit Mandal & Maryam Shojaei & Anika Singh & Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski & Marta Ligaj & Jarosław Pawlicz & Maciej Jarzębski, 2020. "Novel Drying Methods for Sustainable Upcycling of Brewers’ Spent Grains as a Plant Protein Source," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-17, May.
    8. Niccolò Pampuro & Christian Preti & Eugenio Cavallo, 2018. "Recycling Pig Slurry Solid Fraction Compost as a Sound Absorber," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-13, January.
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