IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jagris/v10y2020i2p28-d311295.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Evaluation of Growth Performance, Photosynthetic Capacity, and Primary and Secondary Metabolite Content of Leaf Lettuce Grown under Limited Irradiation of Blue and Red LED Light in an Urban Plant Factory

Author

Listed:
  • Md Obyedul Kalam Azad

    (Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea)

  • Katrine Heinsvig Kjaer

    (Danish Technological Institute, Gregersensvej 7, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark)

  • Md Adnan

    (Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea)

  • Most Tahera Naznin

    (Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 103, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden)

  • Jung Dae Lim

    (Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Korea)

  • In Je Sung

    (Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea)

  • Cheol Ho Park

    (Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea)

  • Young Seok Lim

    (Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea)

Abstract

Plant production in urban areas is receiving much attention due to its potential role in feeding the rapidly growing population of city dwellers. However, higher energy demands in urban plant factories are among the key challenges that need to be addressed. Artificial lighting is responsible for the most significant levels of energy consumption in plant factories; therefore, lighting systems must be modulated in consideration of the sustainable food–energy nexus. In this context, low light irradiation using blue (B) and red (R) LED was applied in a plant factory for the growth of red leaf lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L. var Lollo rosso) to evaluate the growth performance and functional quality. The tested B (450 nm) and R (660 nm) light ratios were B/R = 5:1; 3:1; 1:1; 1:3, and 1:5, with a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 90 ± 3 µmol m −2 s −1 . In the plant factory, the photoperiod, temperature, RH, and CO 2 conditions were 16 h d −1 , 20 ± 0.5 °C, 65% ± 5%, and 360 ± 10 μL L −1 , respectively. The lettuce was harvested 10 and 20 days after the commencement of LED light treatment (DAT). In this study, normal photosynthetic activity and good visual quality of the lettuce were observed. The results show that a higher fraction of R (B/R = 1:5) significantly increased plant growth parameters such as plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, plant fresh and dry weight, and carbohydrate content. By contrast, a higher fraction of B (B/R = 5:1) significantly increased the photosynthetic parameters and contents of pigment and phenolic compounds. The rate of photosynthetic performance, carbohydrates (except starch), and content of phenolic compounds were highest after 10 DAT, whereas the pigment contents did not significantly differ at the different growth stages. It is concluded that high R fractions favor plant growth and carbohydrate content, while high B fractions favor photosynthetic performance and the accumulation of pigments and phenolic compounds in red leaf lettuce under limited lighting conditions. This study will help in designing artificial lighting conditions for plant factory production to reduce energy demands.

Suggested Citation

  • Md Obyedul Kalam Azad & Katrine Heinsvig Kjaer & Md Adnan & Most Tahera Naznin & Jung Dae Lim & In Je Sung & Cheol Ho Park & Young Seok Lim, 2020. "The Evaluation of Growth Performance, Photosynthetic Capacity, and Primary and Secondary Metabolite Content of Leaf Lettuce Grown under Limited Irradiation of Blue and Red LED Light in an Urban Plant ," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-16, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:10:y:2020:i:2:p:28-:d:311295
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/10/2/28/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/10/2/28/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Most Tahera Naznin & Mark Lefsrud & Md Obyedul Kalam Azad & Cheol Ho Park, 2019. "Effect of Different Combinations of Red and Blue LED Light on Growth Characteristics and Pigment Content of In Vitro Tomato Plantlets," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-9, September.
    2. Danilo Loconsole & Giacomo Cocetta & Piero Santoro & Antonio Ferrante, 2019. "Optimization of LED Lighting and Quality Evaluation of Romaine Lettuce Grown in An Innovative Indoor Cultivation System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-16, February.
    3. OKUBO Toshihiro & Matthew A. COLE & Robert J.R. ELLIOTT, 2010. "Environmental Outsourcing," Discussion papers 10055, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    4. Li-Chun Huang & Yu-Hui Chen & Ya-Hui Chen & Chi-Fang Wang & Ming-Che Hu, 2018. "Food-Energy Interactive Tradeoff Analysis of Sustainable Urban Plant Factory Production Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-12, February.
    5. Yeh, Naichia & Chung, Jen-Ping, 2009. "High-brightness LEDs--Energy efficient lighting sources and their potential in indoor plant cultivation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(8), pages 2175-2180, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Bożena Matysiak & Stanisław Kaniszewski & Jacek Dyśko & Waldemar Kowalczyk & Artur Kowalski & Maria Grzegorzewska, 2021. "The Impact of LED Light Spectrum on the Growth, Morphological Traits, and Nutritional Status of ‘Elizium’ Romaine Lettuce Grown in an Indoor Controlled Environment," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-15, November.
    2. Agnieszka Wojtania & Bożena Matysiak & Monika Mieszczakowska-Frąc & Jacek S. Nowak & Justyna Szwejda-Grzybowska, 2023. "Responses of Micropropagated Rhubarb ( Rheum rhaponticum ) Plantlets to Different Growing Media and Light Conditions in the Greenhouse," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-14, April.
    3. Zhengnan Yan & Chunling Wang & Long Wang & Xin Li & Guanjie Wang & Yanjie Yang, 2022. "The Combinations of White, Blue, and UV-A Light Provided by Supplementary Light-Emitting Diodes Promoted the Quality of Greenhouse-Grown Cucumber Seedlings," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-14, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Danilo Loconsole & Giacomo Cocetta & Piero Santoro & Antonio Ferrante, 2019. "Optimization of LED Lighting and Quality Evaluation of Romaine Lettuce Grown in An Innovative Indoor Cultivation System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-16, February.
    2. Richard T. Carson & W. Michael Hanemann, & Raymond J. Kopp & Jon A. Krosnick & Robert C. Mitchell & Stanley Presser & Paul A. Rudd & V. Kerry Smith & Michael Conaway & Kerry Martin, 1997. "Temporal Reliability of Estimates from Contingent Valuation," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 73(2), pages 151-163.
    3. Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene & Forslid, Rikard & Okubo, Toshihiro, 2011. "Why are firms that export cleaner? International trade and CO2 emissions," CEPR Discussion Papers 8583, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    4. Toshihiro Okubo & Yuta Watabe & Kaori Furuyama, 2016. "Export of Recyclable Materials: Evidence from Japan," Asian Economic Papers, MIT Press, vol. 15(1), pages 134-148, Winter/Sp.
    5. Bożena Matysiak & Stanisław Kaniszewski & Jacek Dyśko & Waldemar Kowalczyk & Artur Kowalski & Maria Grzegorzewska, 2021. "The Impact of LED Light Spectrum on the Growth, Morphological Traits, and Nutritional Status of ‘Elizium’ Romaine Lettuce Grown in an Indoor Controlled Environment," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-15, November.
    6. Jota Ishikawa & Toshihiro Okubo, 2017. "Greenhouse-Gas Emission Controls and Firm Locations in North–South Trade," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 67(4), pages 637-660, August.
    7. Ciriaci, Daria & Palma, Daniela, 2010. "Geography, environmental efficiency and Italian economic growth: a spatially-adapted Environmental Kuznets Curve," MPRA Paper 22899, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Danilo Loconsole & Bernardo Murillo-Amador & Giuseppe Cristiano & Barbara De Lucia, 2019. "Halophyte Common Ice Plants: A Future Solution to Arable Land Salinization," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-16, November.
    9. Dafni Despoina Avgoustaki & George Xydis, 2020. "Plant factories in the water-food-energy Nexus era: a systematic bibliographical review," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 12(2), pages 253-268, April.
    10. Yeh, Naichia & Yeh, Pulin & Chang, Yuan-Hsiou, 2015. "Artificial floating islands for environmental improvement," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 616-622.
    11. Li-Chun Huang, 2019. "Consumer Attitude, Concerns, and Brand Acceptance for the Vegetables Cultivated with Sustainable Plant Factory Production Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-14, September.
    12. Cossu, Marco & Tiloca, Maria Teresa & Cossu, Andrea & Deligios, Paola A. & Pala, Tore & Ledda, Luigi, 2023. "Increasing the agricultural sustainability of closed agrivoltaic systems with the integration of vertical farming: A case study on baby-leaf lettuce," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).
    13. Chiara Burattini & Benedetta Mattoni & Fabio Bisegna, 2017. "The Impact of Spectral Composition of White LEDs on Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) Growth and Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-14, September.
    14. Singh, Devesh & Basu, Chandrajit & Meinhardt-Wollweber, Merve & Roth, Bernhard, 2015. "LEDs for energy efficient greenhouse lighting," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 139-147.
    15. Yeh, Naichia & Yeh, Pulin & Shih, Naichien & Byadgi, Omkar & Chih Cheng, Ta, 2014. "Applications of light-emitting diodes in researches conducted in aquatic environment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 611-618.
    16. Elisabeta Spunei & Nătălița-Mihaela Frumușanu & Gheorghița Măran & Mihaela Martin, 2022. "Technical–Economic Analysis of the Solutions for the Modernization of Lighting Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-15, April.
    17. Peter, Angela Paul & Koyande, Apurav Krishna & Chew, Kit Wayne & Ho, Shih-Hsin & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Chang, Jo-Shu & Krishnamoorthy, Rambabu & Banat, Fawzi & Show, Pau Loke, 2022. "Continuous cultivation of microalgae in photobioreactors as a source of renewable energy: Current status and future challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    18. Xiwen Yang & Yahui Luo & Ping Jiang, 2022. "Sustainable Soilless Cultivation Mode: Cultivation Study on Droplet Settlement of Plant Roots under Ultrasonic Aeroponic Cultivation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-20, October.
    19. Yeh, Naichia & Yeh, Pulin, 2013. "Organic solar cells: Their developments and potentials," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 21(C), pages 421-431.
    20. Sukhan Rattanaloeadnusorn & Nopparat Buddhakala & Thanasak Lomthong, 2023. "Utilization of Palm Oil Midrib Biochar as Soil Amendment with a Newly Isolated Bacillus sp. SM11 for Growth Enhancement and Nitrate Reduction in Romaine Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia )," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-11, October.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:10:y:2020:i:2:p:28-:d:311295. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.