IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/wodepe/v35y2024ics2452292924000547.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

COVID-19 lockdown: The triple effects on gender-based violence

Author

Listed:
  • Canwat, Vincent

Abstract

Research on how the COVID-19 lockdown affected gender-based violence (GBV) focused largely on the negative effects of the lockdown on GBV. Using a multinomial probit model, this paper assessed the effects of the lockdown on GBV and the determinants of these effects in Northern Uganda. The results show that the lockdown reduced and increased GBV in some cases, but it had negligible effects in other cases. These effects were determined by many factors depending on how they related to economic and food insecurity. Household heads with higher education levels experienced job losses and increased GBV, but those with savings had less food insecurity and GBV. Members of VSLA that were disrupted by the lockdown faced severe economic insecurity, but members of the undisrupted VSLA experienced less economic security and GBV. Households with many earning members suffered more job losses and increased GBV, but those having own houses faced no rent burden and less GBV. Farm households experienced less effects of the lockdown and no change in GBV. Rural households and those far from the main road experienced less stringent lockdowns and GBV, but those that faced financial constraints had more GBV cases. Farm households had less severe food insecurity and GBV. Household heads earning wages and salary had lower household sizes and GBV cases. The paper implies a need for pandemic mitigation measures to balance their health benefits with socio-economic costs, overcome economic insecurity, and consider socio-economic differences. GBV was viewed as a uniform entity, but future studies need to explore the effects of pandemics on different forms of GBV.

Suggested Citation

  • Canwat, Vincent, 2024. "COVID-19 lockdown: The triple effects on gender-based violence," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 35(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:wodepe:v:35:y:2024:i:c:s2452292924000547
    DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100617
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452292924000547
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100617?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mahmud, Mahreen & Riley, Emma, 2021. "Household response to an extreme shock: Evidence on the immediate impact of the Covid-19 lockdown on economic outcomes and well-being in rural Uganda," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    2. Jessica L. Lucero & Sojung Lim & Anna Maria Santiago, 2016. "Changes in Economic Hardship and Intimate Partner Violence: A Family Stress Framework," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 37(3), pages 395-406, September.
    3. Peter Agamile, 2022. "COVID-19 Lockdown and Exposure of Households to Food Insecurity in Uganda: Insights from a National High Frequency Phone Survey," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 34(6), pages 3050-3075, December.
    4. Hidrobo, Melissa & Hoddinott, John & Kumar, Neha & Olivier, Meghan, 2018. "Social Protection, Food Security, and Asset Formation," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 88-103.
    5. Guo, Feng & Huang, Yiping & Wang, Jingyi & Wang, Xue, 2022. "The informal economy at times of COVID-19 pandemic," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    6. Anna Aizer, 2010. "The Gender Wage Gap and Domestic Violence," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 100(4), pages 1847-1859, September.
    7. Givemore Moyo & Linnet Zimusi, 2023. "Impact of COVID 19 on the Participation of Rural Women in Savings Groups: Case of Umzingwane District in Zimbabwe," International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), vol. 10(05), pages 88-97, May.
    8. Carlota de Miquel & Joan Domènech-Abella & Mireia Felez-Nobrega & Paula Cristóbal-Narváez & Philippe Mortier & Gemma Vilagut & Jordi Alonso & Beatriz Olaya & Josep Maria Haro, 2022. "The Mental Health of Employees with Job Loss and Income Loss during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Perceived Financial Stress," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-14, March.
    9. Lopez-Ridaura, Santiago & Sanders, Arie & Barba-Escoto, Luis & Wiegel, Jennifer & Mayorga-Cortes, Maria & Gonzalez-Esquivel, Carlos & Lopez-Ramirez, Martin A. & Escoto-Masis, Rene M. & Morales-Galindo, 2021. "Immediate impact of COVID-19 pandemic on farming systems in Central America and Mexico," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    10. Ahmed, Firoz & Islam, Asad & Pakrashi, Debayan & Rahman, Tabassum & Siddique, Abu, 2021. "Determinants and dynamics of food insecurity during COVID-19 in rural Bangladesh," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    11. Akbar Akbar & Rahim Darma & Imam Mujahidin Fahmid & Andi Irawan, 2023. "Determinants of Household Food Security during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-16, February.
    12. Kansiime, Monica K. & Tambo, Justice A. & Mugambi, Idah & Bundi, Mary & Kara, Augustine & Owuor, Charles, 2021. "COVID-19 implications on household income and food security in Kenya and Uganda: Findings from a rapid assessment," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    13. Muluken Dessalegn Muluneh & Lyn Francis & Kingsley Agho & Virginia Stulz, 2021. "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Associated Factors of Gender-Based Violence against Women in Sub-Saharan Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-28, April.
    14. Teurai Rwafa-Ponela & Susan Goldstein & Petronell Kruger & Agnes Erzse & Safura Abdool Karim & Karen Hofman, 2022. "Urban Informal Food Traders: A Rapid Qualitative Study of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures in South Africa," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-18, February.
    15. Horn, Rebecca, 2010. "Responses to intimate partner violence in Kakuma refugee camp: Refugee interactions with agency systems," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 70(1), pages 160-168, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Martin Paul Jr. Tabe-Ojong & Emmanuel Nshakira-Rukundo & Bisrat Haile Gebrekidan, 2023. "COVID-19 and food insecurity in Africa: A review of the emerging empirical evidence," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 50(3), pages 853-878.
    2. Semakula, Henry Musoke & Liang, Song & Mukwaya, Paul Isolo & Mugagga, Frank, 2023. "Application of a Bayesian network modelling approach to predict the cascading effects of COVID-19 restrictions on the planting activities of smallholder farmers in Uganda," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    3. Hausmann, Ricardo & Schetter, Ulrich, 2022. "Horrible trade-offs in a pandemic: Poverty, fiscal space, policy, and welfare," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    4. Manyong, Victor & Bokanga, Mpoko & Akonkwa Nyamuhirwa, Dieu-Merci & Bamba, Zoumana & Adeoti, Razack & Mwepu, Gregoire & Cole, Steven M. & Dontsop Nguezet, Paul Martin, 2022. "COVID-19 outbreak and rural household food security in the Western Democratic Republic of the Congo," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 28(C).
    5. Kibrom A Abay & Nishant Yonzan & Sikandra Kurdi & Kibrom Tafere, 2023. "Revisiting Poverty Trends and the Role of Social Protection Systems in Africa during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 32(Supplemen), pages 44-68.
    6. Simone Schotte & Michael Danquah & Robert Darko Osei & Kunal Sen, 2023. "The Labour Market Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns: Evidence from Ghana," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 32(Supplemen), pages 10-33.
    7. Rudin-Rush, Lorin & Michler, Jeffrey D. & Josephson, Anna & Bloem, Jeffrey R., 2022. "Food insecurity during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in four African countries," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    8. Chakravorty, Bhaskar & Bhatiya, Apurav Yash & Imbert, Clément & Lohnert, Maximilian & Panda, Poonam & Rathelot, Roland, 2023. "Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on India’s rural youth: Evidence from a panel survey and an experiment," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    9. Bloem, Jeffrey & Michler, Jeffrey & Josephson, Anna & Rudin-Rush, Lorin, 2022. "COVID-19 Working Paper: Food Insecurity During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Four African Countries," Amber Waves:The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, vol. 2022(Administr), July.
    10. Mutegi, James & Adolwa, Ivan & Kiwia, Abed & Njoroge, Samuel & Gitonga, Angela & Muthamia, Joses & Nchanji, Eileen & Mairura, Franklin & Majumdar, Kaushik & Zingore, Shamie & Oberthur, Thomas & Kiremu, 2024. "Agricultural production and food security implications of Covid-19 disruption on small-scale farmer households: Lessons from Kenya," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    11. Abiodun Olusola Omotayo & Abeeb Babatunde Omotoso & Saidat Adebola Daud & Oluwadara Pelumi Omotayo & Babatunde Afeez Adeniyi, 2022. "Rising Food Prices and Farming Households Food Insecurity during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Policy Implications from SouthWest Nigeria," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-20, March.
    12. Krauss, Judith E. & Artur, Luis & Brockington, Dan & Castro, Eduardo & Fernando, Jone & Fisher, Janet & Kingman, Andrew & Moises, Hosia Mavoto & Mlambo, Ana & Nuvunga, Milagre & Pritchard, Rose & Ribe, 2022. "‘To prevent this disease, we have to stay at home, but if we stay at home, we die of hunger’ – Livelihoods, vulnerability and coping with Covid-19 in rural Mozambique," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    13. Saha, Shrabani & Sen, Kunal, 2023. "Do economic and political crises lead to corruption? The role of institutions," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    14. Ann M. Furbush & Anna Josephson & Talip Kilic & Jeffrey D. Michler, 2024. "Coping or Hoping? Livelihood Diversification and Food Insecurity in the COVID-19 Pandemic," Papers 2409.02285, arXiv.org.
    15. Gulesci, Selim & Puente–Beccar, Manuela & Ubfal, Diego, 2021. "Can youth empowerment programs reduce violence against girls during the COVID-19 pandemic?," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    16. Enerelt Murakami, 2022. "Immediate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on household economic activities and food security in Tajikistan," Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, Springer, vol. 6(2), pages 259-291, July.
    17. Mahreen Mahmud & Emma Riley, 2023. "Adapting to an aggregate shock: The impact of the Covid-19 crisis on rural households," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 19-36, March.
    18. Hangoma, Peter & Hachhethu, Kusum & Passeri, Silvia & Norheim, Ole Frithjof & Rivers, Johnathan & Mæstad, Ottar, 2024. "Short- and long-term food insecurity and policy responses in pandemics: Panel data evidence from COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    19. Rönkkö, Risto & Rutherford, Stuart & Sen, Kunal, 2022. "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the poor: Insights from the Hrishipara diaries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    20. Rocha, Fabiana & Diaz, Maria Dolores Montoya & Pereda, Paula Carvalho & Árabe, Isadora Bousquat & Cavalcanti, Filipe & Lordemus, Samuel & Kreif, Noemi & Moreno-Serra, Rodrigo, 2024. "COVID-19 and violence against women: Current knowledge, gaps, and implications for public policy," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:wodepe:v:35:y:2024:i:c:s2452292924000547. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/world-development-perspectives .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.