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From ‘MeToo’ to Boko Haram: A survey of levels and trends of gender inequality in the world

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  • Klasen, Stephan

Abstract

This survey argues that after decades of seemingly continuous progress in reducing gender inequality in developing and developed countries, since about 2000, there has been an unexpected stagnation and regress in many dimensions of gender inequality in many parts of the world. This is most visible in labor markets, but also visible across a range of dimensions of gender inequality. After documenting these developments, the paper suggests causes for this change before suggesting policies that might tackle remaining gender inequalities more effectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Klasen, Stephan, 2020. "From ‘MeToo’ to Boko Haram: A survey of levels and trends of gender inequality in the world," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:wdevel:v:128:y:2020:i:c:s0305750x1930511x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104862
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    Cited by:

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    2. Nillesen, Eleonora & Grimm, Michael & Goedhuys, Micheline & Reitmann, Ann-Kristin & Meysonnat, Aline, 2021. "On the malleability of gender attitudes: Evidence from implicit and explicit measures in Tunisia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    3. Luis Enrique Escalante Ochoa & Hélène Maisonnave, 2020. "Assessing the impacts of climate change on women's poverty and domestic burdens: A Bolivian case study," Working Papers hal-02970249, HAL.
    4. Deininger,Klaus W. & Jin,Songqing & Nagarajan,Hari Krishnan & Singh,Sudhir K., 2020. "Political Reservation and Female Labor Force Participation in Rural India," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9350, The World Bank.
    5. Dirk De Clercq & Steven A. Brieger, 2022. "When Discrimination is Worse, Autonomy is Key: How Women Entrepreneurs Leverage Job Autonomy Resources to Find Work–Life Balance," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 177(3), pages 665-682, May.
    6. Baerlocher, Diogo & Parente, Stephen L. & Rios-Neto, Eduardo, 2021. "Female Labor Force Participation and economic growth: Accounting for the gender bonus," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Gender inequality; Health; Education; Labor markets; Developing countries;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

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