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Do parking standards matter? Evaluating the London parking reform with a matched-pair approach

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  • Li, Fei
  • Guo, Zhan

Abstract

Minimum parking standards, which require developers to build a certain amount of off-street parking spaces, are increasingly criticized for leading to excess parking supply and automobile travel in recent years. However, due to the difficulty in identifying the policy effect, few empirical studies have directly and accurately estimated the effects of parking standards on parking supply. The present study examines a parking reform in London, UK, where minimum parking standards for residential developments were replaced with maximum standards in the early 2000s. Using planning application records, we match neighboring pre-reform and post-reform developments to estimate the effect of the parking standard switch and further identify the “binding” and “capping” effects of minimum and maximum parking standards. It is found that the parking reform in London has led to a reduction of approximately 0.76 parking spaces per unit in residential development applications, or 49% of the pre-reform level. Minimum parking standards seem to have a larger impact than maximum ones on parking supply that fell more upon inner city developments, while maximum parking standards have more influenced suburban neighborhoods. Market forces have played a major role in the decline of parking supply. The findings provide strong evidence for the market distortion effect of minimum parking standards.

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  • Li, Fei & Guo, Zhan, 2014. "Do parking standards matter? Evaluating the London parking reform with a matched-pair approach," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 352-365.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:67:y:2014:i:c:p:352-365
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2014.08.001
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Yegor Yu. Muleev, 2019. "Investigating The Cross-National Comparability Of Testing Using Response Time," HSE Working papers WP BRP 09/URB/2020, National Research University Higher School of Economics.
    3. Fredrik Johansson & Greger Henriksson & Pelle Envall, 2019. "Moving to Private-Car-Restricted and Mobility-Served Neighborhoods: The Unspectacular Workings of a Progressive Mobility Plan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(22), pages 1-19, November.
    4. De Gruyter, Chris & Truong, Long T. & Taylor, Elizabeth J., 2020. "Can high quality public transport support reduced car parking requirements for new residential apartments?," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    5. Olaru, Doina & Mulley, Corinne & Smith, Brett & Ma, Liang, 2017. "Policy-led selection of the most appropriate empirical model to estimate hedonic prices in the residential market," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 213-228.
    6. McAslan, Devon & Sprei, Frances, 2023. "Minimum parking requirements and car ownership: An analysis of Swedish municipalities," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 45-58.
    7. Lin, Jen-Jia & Lin, Tzu-Yun & Kadali, Bhadradri Raghuram & Subbarao, Saladi S.V., 2024. "Association of transit-oriented development with transit use: Effects of gentrification and spatial autocorrelation," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 42-50.
    8. Taylor, Elizabeth Jean, 2020. "Parking policy: The politics and uneven use of residential parking space in Melbourne," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    9. De Gruyter, Chris & Davies, Liam & Truong, Long T., 2021. "Examining spatial variations in minimum residential parking requirements in Melbourne," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    10. Gabbe, C.J. & Pierce, Gregory & Clowers, Gordon, 2020. "Parking policy: The effects of residential minimum parking requirements in Seattle," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    11. Anna Lower & Agnieszka Szumilas, 2021. "Parking Policy as a Tool of Sustainable Mobility-Parking Standards in Poland vs. European Experiences," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-15, October.
    12. Qian Liu & Mingjian Zhu & Zuopeng Xiao, 2019. "Workplace Parking Provision and Built Environments: Improving Context-Specific Parking Standards Towards Sustainable Transport," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-23, February.

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