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International inequality in energy use and CO2 emissions (1820–2020)

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  • Malanima, Paolo

Abstract

Global inequality is made up of two components: inequality within countries and between countries. Over the last two centuries, the second component has strongly shaped global inequality. However, little is known about its evolution over time, and nothing at all about inequality in energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This article presents a comprehensive reconstruction of international divergence and convergence from the side of energy consumption and CO2 emissions over two centuries. From 1820 to 1919, inequality between countries increased and so did inequality in GHG emissions. This increase was followed by ups and downs until the 1970s, when a decline of international inequality began. Convergence in both energy consumption and GHG emissions accelerated after 2000.

Suggested Citation

  • Malanima, Paolo, 2024. "International inequality in energy use and CO2 emissions (1820–2020)," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 233-244.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:streco:v:70:y:2024:i:c:p:233-244
    DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2024.02.005
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Energy; Inequality; Divergence; Convergence; CO2 emissions;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • N50 - Economic History - - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Extractive Industries - - - General, International, or Comparative
    • N70 - Economic History - - Economic History: Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, and Other Services - - - General, International, or Comparative
    • O33 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
    • O44 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Environment and Growth
    • Q40 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - General
    • Q50 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - General

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