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Place matters: Neighborhood deprivation and cardiometabolic risk factors in the Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE)

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  • Laraia, Barbara A.
  • Karter, Andrew J.
  • Warton, E. Margaret
  • Schillinger, Dean
  • Moffet, Howard H.
  • Adler, Nancy

Abstract

While neighborhood deprivation is associated with prevalence of chronic diseases, it is not well understood whether neighborhood deprivation is also associated with cardiometabolic risk factors among adults with chronic disease. Subjects (n = 19,804) from the Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE) cohort study, an ethnically-stratified, random sample of members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), an integrated managed care consortium, with type 2 diabetes who completed a survey between 2005 and 2007 and who lived in a 19 county study area were included in the analyses. We estimated the association between a validated neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) and four cardiometabolic risk factors: body mass index (BMI = kg/m2), glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) using multi-level models. Outcomes were modeled in their continuous form and as binary indicators of poor control (severe obesity: BMI ≥35, poor glycemic control: A1c ≥9%, hypercholesterolemia: LDL ≥130 mg/dL, and hypertension: SBP ≥140 mmHg). BMI, A1c and SBP increased monotonically across quartiles of NDI (p < 0.001 in each case); however, LDL was significantly associated with NDI only when comparing the most to the least deprived quartile. NDI remained significantly associated with BMI and A1c after adjusting for individual level factors including income and education. A linear trend (p < 0.001) was observed in the relative risk ratios for dichotomous indicators of severe obesity, poor glycemic control, and 2 or more poorly controlled cardiometabolic risk factors across NDI quartile. In adjusted models, higher levels of neighborhood deprivation were positively associated with indicators of cardiometabolic risk among adults with diabetes, suggesting that neighborhood level deprivation may influence individual outcomes. However, longitudinal data are needed to test the causal direction of these relationships.

Suggested Citation

  • Laraia, Barbara A. & Karter, Andrew J. & Warton, E. Margaret & Schillinger, Dean & Moffet, Howard H. & Adler, Nancy, 2012. "Place matters: Neighborhood deprivation and cardiometabolic risk factors in the Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE)," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 74(7), pages 1082-1090.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:74:y:2012:i:7:p:1082-1090
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.036
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    1. Shiliang Su & Yue Gong & Bingqing Tan & Jianhua Pi & Min Weng & Zhongliang Cai, 2017. "Area Social Deprivation and Public Health: Analyzing the Spatial Non-stationary Associations Using Geographically Weighed Regression," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 133(3), pages 819-832, September.
    2. Cheryl R Clark & Mark J Ommerborn & DeMarc A Hickson & Kya N Grooms & Mario Sims & Herman A Taylor & Michelle A Albert, 2013. "Neighborhood Disadvantage, Neighborhood Safety and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in African Americans: Biosocial Associations in the Jackson Heart Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(5), pages 1-10, May.
    3. Wiki, Jesse & Kingham, Simon & Campbell, Malcolm, 2021. "A geospatial analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the food environment in urban New Zealand," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    4. Feuillet, T. & Valette, J.F. & Charreire, H. & Kesse-Guyot, E. & Julia, C. & Vernez-Moudon, A. & Hercberg, S. & Touvier, M. & Oppert, J.M., 2020. "Influence of the urban context on the relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and obesity," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    5. Werner Maier & Christa Scheidt-Nave & Rolf Holle & Lars E Kroll & Thomas Lampert & Yong Du & Christin Heidemann & Andreas Mielck, 2014. "Area Level Deprivation Is an Independent Determinant of Prevalent Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity at the National Level in Germany. Results from the National Telephone Health Interview Surveys ‘German Hea," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(2), pages 1-11, February.
    6. Thorsen, Maggie & McGarvey, Ronald & Thorsen, Andreas, 2020. "Diabetes management at community health centers: Examining associations with patient and regional characteristics, efficiency, and staffing patterns," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).

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