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An ecological expansion of the adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) framework to include threat and deprivation associated with U.S. immigration policies and enforcement practices: An examination of the Latinx immigrant experience

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  • Barajas-Gonzalez, R. Gabriela
  • Ayón, Cecilia
  • Brabeck, Kalina
  • Rojas-Flores, Lisseth
  • Valdez, Carmen R.

Abstract

The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) framework has contributed to advances in developmental science by examining the interdependent and cumulative nature of adverse childhood environmental exposures on life trajectories. Missing from the ACEs framework, however, is the role of pervasive and systematic oppression that afflicts certain racialized groups and that leads to persistent threat and deprivation. In the case of children from immigrant parents, the consequence of a limited ACEs framework is that clinicians and researchers fail to address the psychological violence inflicted on children from increasingly restrictive immigration policies, ramped up immigration enforcement, and national anti-immigration rhetoric. Drawing on the literature with Latinx children, the objective of this conceptual article is to integrate the ecological model with the dimensional model of childhood adversity and psychopathology to highlight how direct experience of detention and deportation, threat of detention and deportation, and exposure to systemic marginalization and deprivation are adverse experiences for many Latinx children in immigrant families. This article highlights that to reduce bias and improve developmental science and practice with immigrants and with U.S.-born children of immigrants, there must be an inclusion of immigration-related threat and deprivation into the ACEs framework. We conclude with a practical and ethical discussion of screening and assessing ACEs in clinical and research settings, using an expanded ecological framework that includes immigration-related threat and deprivation.

Suggested Citation

  • Barajas-Gonzalez, R. Gabriela & Ayón, Cecilia & Brabeck, Kalina & Rojas-Flores, Lisseth & Valdez, Carmen R., 2021. "An ecological expansion of the adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) framework to include threat and deprivation associated with U.S. immigration policies and enforcement practices: An examination of t," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:282:y:2021:i:c:s0277953621004585
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114126
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Robert Santillano & Stephanie Potochnick & Jade Jenkins, 2020. "Do Immigration Raids Deter Head Start Enrollment?," AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, vol. 110, pages 419-423, May.
    2. Steine, Iris M. & LeWinn, Kaja Z. & Lisha, Nadra & Tylavsky, Frances & Smith, Roger & Bowman, Maria & Sathyanarayana, Sheela & Karr, Catherine J. & Smith, Alicia K. & Kobor, Michael & Bush, Nicole R., 2020. "Maternal exposure to childhood traumatic events, but not multi-domain psychosocial stressors, predict placental corticotrophin releasing hormone across pregnancy," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
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    4. Lubhana Malik Mental, 2019. "Mental Health in Adolescents," Global Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities, Juniper Publishers Inc., vol. 6(3), pages 45-46, March.
    5. Edward D. Vargas & Maureen A. Pirog, 2016. "Mixed-Status Families and WIC Uptake: The Effects of Risk of Deportation on Program Use," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 97(3), pages 555-572, September.
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    1. Powers, Ráchael A. & Moule, Richard K. & Severson, Rachel E., 2022. "Adverse childhood experiences and offending among Hispanic adults in the U.S.: Examining differences in prevalence and effects across nativity," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).

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