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The contribution of lifestyle and work factors to social inequalities in self-rated health among the employed population in Switzerland

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  • Hämmig, Oliver
  • Gutzwiller, Felix
  • Kawachi, Ichiro

Abstract

We sought to examine the joint and independent contributions of working conditions and health-related behaviours in explaining social gradients in self-rated health (SRH). Nationally representative cross-sectional data from the Swiss Health Survey of 2007 were used for this study. Bi- and multivariate statistical analyses were carried out on a sample of 6950 adult employees of working age. We examined a comprehensive set of five health behaviours and lifestyle factors as well as twelve physical and psychosocial work factors as potential mediators of the relationship between social status and SRH. Analyses were stratified by sex and performed using two measures of social status, educational level and occupational position. Strong social gradients were found for SRH, but mainly in men whereas in women the associations were either not linear (educational level) or not statistically significant (occupational position). Social gradients were also found for most lifestyle and all physical and psychosocial work factors studied. These three groups of factors equally contributed to and largely accounted for the social gradients in SRH although not all of the individual factors turned out to be independent and significant risk factors for poor SRH. Such risk factors included physical inactivity and obesity, poor posture and no or low social support at work (both sexes), heavy smoking (men) and underweight, overweight, uniform arm or hand movements at work, monotonous work and job insecurity (women). In conclusion, social inequalities (or more precisely educational and occupational status differences) in SRH were more pronounced in men and can be attributed for the most part to a sedentary lifestyle and to a physically demanding and socially unsupportive and insecure work environment. Apart from this main finding and overall pattern, sex-specific risk profiles were observed with regard to SRH and need to be taken into consideration.

Suggested Citation

  • Hämmig, Oliver & Gutzwiller, Felix & Kawachi, Ichiro, 2014. "The contribution of lifestyle and work factors to social inequalities in self-rated health among the employed population in Switzerland," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 74-84.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:121:y:2014:i:c:p:74-84
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.041
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    2. Vahedi, Andisheh & Krug, Isabel & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Matthew & Westrupp, Elizabeth M., 2018. "Longitudinal associations between work-family conflict and enrichment, inter-parental conflict, and child internalizing and externalizing problems," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 251-260.
    3. Jona Schellekens & Anat Ziv, 2020. "The role of education in explaining trends in self-rated health in the United States, 1972–2018," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 42(12), pages 383-398.
    4. Paulina Ucieklak-Jeż & Agnieszka Bem, 2020. "Does “Rural” Always Mean the Same? Macrosocial Determinants of Rural Populations’ Health in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-17, January.
    5. Vonneilich, Nico & Lüdecke, Daniel & von dem Knesebeck, Olaf, 2020. "Educational inequalities in self-rated health and social relationships – analyses based on the European Social Survey 2002-2016," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    6. Tea Lallukka & Rahman Shiri & Olli Pietiläinen & Johanna Kausto & Hilla Sumanen & Jaana I. Halonen & Eero Lahelma & Ossi Rahkonen & Minna Mänty & Anne Kouvonen, 2020. "Timing of Entry into Paid Employment, Adverse Physical Work Exposures and Health: The Young Helsinki Health Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-15, October.
    7. Witvliet, M.I. & Toch-Marquardt, M. & Eikemo, T.A. & Mackenbach, J.P., 2020. "Improving job strain might reduce inequalities in cardiovascular disease mortality in european men," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    8. Kjellsson, Sara, 2018. "," Working Paper Series 2/2018, Stockholm University, Swedish Institute for Social Research.

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