IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/reveco/v81y2022icp58-74.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The impact of CEO inside debt on the coinsurance effect and excess value of diversification

Author

Listed:
  • Salama, Feras M.
  • Samet, Anis

Abstract

The tenets of agency theory suggest that CEO inside debt holdings induce risk-reducing corporate investments. Further, the coinsurance hypothesis implies that diversification strategies designed to decrease cross-segment correlations reduce firm risk. Motivated by these views, we hypothesize a positive relationship between CEO inside debt holdings and the risk-reducing (e.g., coinsurance) effect of diversification. Moreover, we examine the impact of coinsurance, induced by CEO inside debt holdings, on the excess value of diversification. Using a sample of 4053 firm-year observations for the period of 2006–2013, we document a positive relationship between CEO inside debt and the extent of the coinsurance effect of diversification. In addition, consistent with the implications of the managerial risk aversion hypothesis that risk-reducing corporate diversification strategies destroy shareholder value, our results show that the coinsurance effect of diversification, when induced by CEO inside debt, negatively affects the excess value of diversification.

Suggested Citation

  • Salama, Feras M. & Samet, Anis, 2022. "The impact of CEO inside debt on the coinsurance effect and excess value of diversification," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 58-74.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:reveco:v:81:y:2022:i:c:p:58-74
    DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2022.04.004
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1059056022001253
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.iref.2022.04.004?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Aivazian, Varouj A. & Qiu, Jiaping & Rahaman, Mohammad M., 2015. "Bank loan contracting and corporate diversification: Does organizational structure matter to lenders?," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 24(2), pages 252-282.
    2. Campbell, T. Colin & Galpin, Neal & Johnson, Shane A., 2016. "Optimal inside debt compensation and the value of equity and debt," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(2), pages 336-352.
    3. Chenyang Wei & David Yermack, 2011. "Investor Reactions to CEOs' Inside Debt Incentives," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 24(11), pages 3813-3840.
    4. Ulrike Malmendier & Geoffrey Tate, 2005. "CEO Overconfidence and Corporate Investment," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 60(6), pages 2661-2700, December.
    5. van Bekkum, Sjoerd, 2016. "Inside Debt and Bank Risk," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 51(2), pages 359-385, April.
    6. Morck, Randall & Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W, 1990. "Do Managerial Objectives Drive Bad Acquisitions?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 45(1), pages 31-48, March.
    7. Yakov Amihud & Baruch Lev, 1981. "Risk Reduction as a Managerial Motive for Conglomerate Mergers," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 12(2), pages 605-617, Autumn.
    8. Rebecca N. Hann & Maria Ogneva & Oguzhan Ozbas, 2013. "Corporate Diversification and the Cost of Capital," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 68(5), pages 1961-1999, October.
    9. Glaser, Markus & Müller, Sebastian, 2010. "Is the diversification discount caused by the book value bias of debt?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(10), pages 2307-2317, October.
    10. Acharya, Viral V. & Almeida, Heitor & Campello, Murillo, 2007. "Is cash negative debt? A hedging perspective on corporate financial policies," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 16(4), pages 515-554, October.
    11. Jensen, Michael C. & Meckling, William H., 1976. "Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 305-360, October.
    12. Ran Duchin, 2010. "Cash Holdings and Corporate Diversification," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 65(3), pages 955-992, June.
    13. David J. Denis & Diane K. Denis & Keven Yost, 2002. "Global Diversification, Industrial Diversification, and Firm Value," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(5), pages 1951-1979, October.
    14. Hoechle, Daniel & Schmid, Markus & Walter, Ingo & Yermack, David, 2012. "How much of the diversification discount can be explained by poor corporate governance?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(1), pages 41-60.
    15. Jiraporn, Pornsit & Kim, Young Sang & Mathur, Ike, 2008. "Does corporate diversification exacerbate or mitigate earnings management?: An empirical analysis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 17(5), pages 1087-1109, December.
    16. repec:bla:jfinan:v:59:y:2004:i:2:p:479-506 is not listed on IDEAS
    17. Sabrina Chi & Shawn X. Huang & Juan Manuel Sanchez, 2017. "CEO Inside Debt Incentives and Corporate Tax Sheltering," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 55(4), pages 837-876, September.
    18. Liu, Yixin & Mauer, David C. & Zhang, Yilei, 2014. "Firm cash holdings and CEO inside debt," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 83-100.
    19. Aivazian, Varouj A. & Rahaman, Mohammad M. & Zhou, Simiao, 2019. "Does corporate diversification provide insurance against economic disruptions?," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 218-233.
    20. Phan, Hieu V., 2014. "Inside Debt and Mergers and Acquisitions," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 49(5-6), pages 1365-1401, December.
    21. John A Doukas & Ozgur B Kan, 2006. "Does global diversification destroy firm value?," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 37(3), pages 352-371, May.
    22. Liang, Hsin-Yu & Chen, I-Ju & Chen, Sheng-Syan, 2016. "Does corporate governance mitigate bank diversification discount?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 129-143.
    23. John R. Graham & Michael L. Lemmon & Jack G. Wolf, 2002. "Does Corporate Diversification Destroy Value?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(2), pages 695-720, April.
    24. Rajgopal, Shivaram & Shevlin, Terry, 2002. "Empirical evidence on the relation between stock option compensation and risk taking," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 145-171, June.
    25. Freund, Steven & Nguyen, Hien T. & Phan, Hieu V. & Tang, Hien T., 2021. "CEO inside debt and internal capital market efficiency," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    26. Lang, Larry H P & Stulz, Rene M, 1994. "Tobin's q, Corporate Diversification, and Firm Performance," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 102(6), pages 1248-1280, December.
    27. Harry Markowitz, 1952. "Portfolio Selection," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 7(1), pages 77-91, March.
    28. Denis, David J & Denis, Diane K & Sarin, Atulya, 1997. "Agency Problems, Equity Ownership, and Corporate Diversification," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 52(1), pages 135-160, March.
    29. Daniel A. Bens & Steven J. Monahan, 2004. "Disclosure Quality and the Excess Value of Diversification," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(4), pages 691-730, September.
    30. Tong, Zhenxu, 2012. "Coinsurance effect and bank lines of credit," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(6), pages 1592-1603.
    31. Coles, Jeffrey L. & Daniel, Naveen D. & Naveen, Lalitha, 2006. "Managerial incentives and risk-taking," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 79(2), pages 431-468, February.
    32. William F. Sharpe, 1964. "Capital Asset Prices: A Theory Of Market Equilibrium Under Conditions Of Risk," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 19(3), pages 425-442, September.
    33. Rangarajan K. Sundaram & David L. Yermack, 2007. "Pay Me Later: Inside Debt and Its Role in Managerial Compensation," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 62(4), pages 1551-1588, August.
    34. Freund, Steven & Latif, Saira & Phan, Hieu V., 2018. "Executive compensation and corporate financing policies: Evidence from CEO inside debt," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 484-504.
    35. Eric R. Brisker & Wei Wang, 2017. "CEO's Inside Debt and Dynamics of Capital Structure," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 46(3), pages 655-685, September.
    36. Mathias Dewatripont & Jean Tirole, 1994. "A Theory of Debt and Equity: Diversity of Securities and Manager-Shareholder Congruence," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 109(4), pages 1027-1054.
    37. Sattar A. Mansi & David M. Reeb, 2002. "Corporate Diversification: What Gets Discounted?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(5), pages 2167-2183, October.
    38. Caliskan, Deren & Doukas, John A., 2015. "CEO risk preferences and dividend policy decisions," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 18-42.
    39. Lin, Chen & Officer, Micah S. & Shen, Beibei, 2018. "Managerial Risk-Taking Incentives and Merger Decisions," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 53(2), pages 643-680, April.
    40. Fuente, Gabriel de la & Velasco, Pilar, 2020. "Capital structure and corporate diversification: Is debt a panacea for the diversification discount?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    41. Andreou, Panayiotis C. & Doukas, John A. & Koursaros, Demetris & Louca, Christodoulos, 2019. "Valuation effects of overconfident CEOs on corporate diversification and refocusing decisions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 182-204.
    42. Hayne E. Leland, 2007. "Financial Synergies and the Optimal Scope of the Firm: Implications for Mergers, Spinoffs, and Structured Finance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 62(2), pages 765-807, April.
    43. Cain, Matthew D. & McKeon, Stephen B., 2016. "CEO Personal Risk-Taking and Corporate Policies," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 51(1), pages 139-164, February.
    44. Choy, Helen & Lin, Juichia & Officer, Micah S., 2014. "Does freezing a defined benefit pension plan affect firm risk?," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(1), pages 1-21.
    45. Cassell, Cory A. & Huang, Shawn X. & Manuel Sanchez, Juan & Stuart, Michael D., 2012. "Seeking safety: The relation between CEO inside debt holdings and the riskiness of firm investment and financial policies," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(3), pages 588-610.
    46. Srivastav, Abhishek & Armitage, Seth & Hagendorff, Jens & King, Tim, 2018. "Better safe than sorry? CEO inside debt and risk-taking in bank acquisitions," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 208-224.
    47. Shen, Carl Hsin-han & Zhang, Hao, 2020. "What's good for you is good for me: The effect of CEO inside debt on the cost of equity," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ren, Yangqiu & Hu, Guoliu & Wan, Qing, 2024. "Environmental Protection tax and diversified transition of heavily polluting enterprises: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 1570-1592.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Nilakshi Borah & Hui Liang James & Jung Chul Park, 2020. "Does CEO inside debt compensation benefit both shareholders and debtholders?," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 54(1), pages 159-203, January.
    2. Gurmeet S. Bhabra & Harjeet S. Bhabra & Ashrafee T. Hossain, 2022. "CEO inside debt and the acquisition of private targets," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 62(2), pages 2163-2202, June.
    3. Zhang, Zhuang & Chizema, Amon & Kuo, Jing-Ming & Zhang, Qingjing, 2022. "Managerial risk-reducing incentives and social and exchange capital," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 54(6).
    4. Nie, George Y., 2024. "The Missing Dimension of Risk: Evidence from Inside Debt Maturity and Acquisition Choices," SocArXiv jd3c2, Center for Open Science.
    5. Stefan Erdorf & Thomas Hartmann-Wendels & Nicolas Heinrichs & Michael Matz, 2013. "Corporate diversification and firm value: a survey of recent literature," Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, Springer;Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, vol. 27(2), pages 187-215, June.
    6. Ashrafee Hossain & Samir Saadi & Abu S. Amin, 2023. "Does CEO Risk-Aversion Affect Carbon Emission?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 182(4), pages 1171-1198, February.
    7. Cheng-Few Lee & Chengru Hu & Maggie Foley, 2021. "Differential risk effect of inside debt, CEO compensation diversification, and firm investment," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 56(2), pages 505-543, February.
    8. Shen, Carl Hsin-han & Zhang, Hao, 2020. "What's good for you is good for me: The effect of CEO inside debt on the cost of equity," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    9. Boubaker, Sabri & Chebbi, Kaouther & Grira, Jocelyn, 2020. "Top management inside debt and corporate social responsibility? Evidence from the US," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 98-115.
    10. Duong, Kiet Tuan & Banti, Chiara & Instefjord, Norvald, 2021. "Managerial conservatism and corporate policies," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    11. Dayani, Arash, 2022. "CEO inside debt and mutual fund investment decisions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    12. Gurmeet S. Bhabra & Ashrafee T. Hossain, 2023. "Asset redeployability and CEO inside debt," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(4), pages 4299-4331, December.
    13. Andreou, Panayiotis C. & Doukas, John A. & Koursaros, Demetris & Louca, Christodoulos, 2019. "Valuation effects of overconfident CEOs on corporate diversification and refocusing decisions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 182-204.
    14. Hao Li & Jinsha Zhao, 2020. "Inside debt and firm risk‐taking: Evidence from the UK pension reform," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(9-10), pages 1316-1364, October.
    15. Xuan Wu & Yueting Li & Yangxin Yu, 2023. "CEO Inside Debt and Employee Workplace Safety," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 182(1), pages 159-175, January.
    16. Srivastav, Abhishek & Armitage, Seth & Hagendorff, Jens & King, Tim, 2018. "Better safe than sorry? CEO inside debt and risk-taking in bank acquisitions," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 208-224.
    17. Patrick Bielstein & Mario Fischer & Christoph Kaserer, 2018. "The cost of capital effect of M&A transactions: Disentangling coinsurance from the diversification discount," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 24(4), pages 650-679, September.
    18. Serfling, Matthew A., 2014. "CEO age and the riskiness of corporate policies," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 251-273.
    19. Mushtaq Hussain Khan, & Ahmad Fraz & Arshad Hassan, 2016. "The Diversification Puzzle: The Role of Asymmetric Information and Insider Trading in Pakistan," Lahore Journal of Economics, Department of Economics, The Lahore School of Economics, vol. 21(2), pages 97-119, July-Dec.
    20. Ekkayokkaya, Manapol & Paudyal, Krishna, 2015. "A trade-off in corporate diversification," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 275-292.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Corporate diversification; Compensation; Agency theory; Firm value;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C36 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
    • D22 - Microeconomics - - Production and Organizations - - - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill
    • L25 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Firm Performance

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:reveco:v:81:y:2022:i:c:p:58-74. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/620165 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.