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‘Regulated deregulation’ of local bus services—An appraisal of international developments

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  • van de Velde, Didier
  • Wallis, Ian

Abstract

The deregulation of the British bus sector (outside London) in 1986 was the start of a debate on the merits of ‘deregulation’ and ‘competitive tendering’. The period that followed was rich in lessons. New Zealand was at the time the only other country engaging in a reform based upon market initiative (implemented in 1991). Other countries chose for a less extreme and more consensual way to introduce competitive incentives, choosing the fundamentally different competitive tendering (CT) path. As a result, the so-called ‘Scandinavian model’ developed, based upon the London example of route tendering. Later the Netherlands adopted a network tendering approach, resembling the French practice of network tendering though with more operator freedom.

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  • van de Velde, Didier & Wallis, Ian, 2013. "‘Regulated deregulation’ of local bus services—An appraisal of international developments," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 21-33.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:retrec:v:39:y:2013:i:1:p:21-33
    DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2012.05.020
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. White, Peter R., 2010. "The conflict between competition policy and the wider role of the local bus industry in Britain," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(1), pages 152-158.
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    1. van de Velde, Didier & Augustin, Katrin, 2014. "Workshop 4 Report: Governance, ownership and competition in deregulated public transport markets," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 237-244.
    2. Fiorio, Carlo V. & Florio, Massimo & Perucca, Giovanni, 2013. "User satisfaction and the organization of local public transport: Evidence from European cities," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 209-218.
    3. Hirschhorn, Fabio & Veeneman, Wijnand & van de Velde, Didier, 2018. "Inventory and rating of performance indicators and organisational features in metropolitan public transport: A worldwide Delphi survey," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 144-156.
    4. Carlo Vittorio FIORIO & Massimo FLORIO & Giovanni PERUCCA, 2011. "Consumers’ satisfaction and regulation of local public transport: evidence from European cities," Departmental Working Papers 2011-26, Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods at Università degli Studi di Milano.
    5. Bouf, Dominique & Faivre d’Arcier, Bruno, 2015. "The looming crisis in French public transit," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 34-41.
    6. Schaaffkamp, Christoph, 2014. "How can customer focus be strengthened in competitive tendering?," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 305-314.
    7. Xavier, Villa.i.Aguilar & Tom, Rye & Jonathan, Cowie & Clare, McTigue, 2022. "Bus franchising in English and Scottish regions – Viable solution or unfeasible instrument?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 1-10.
    8. McTigue, Clare & Monios, Jason & Rye, Tom, 2020. "The principal-agent problem in contracting public transport provision to private operators: A case study of the UK Quality Contract Scheme," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    9. Epstein, Bryan & Givoni, Moshe, 2016. "Analyzing the gap between the QOS demanded by PT users and QOS supplied by service operators," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 622-637.
    10. Paulsson, Alexander & Isaksson, Karolina & Sørensen, Claus Hedegaard & Hrelja, Robert & Rye, Tom & Scholten, Christina, 2018. "Collaboration in public transport planning – Why, how and what?," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 377-385.
    11. Aldenius, Malin, 2018. "Influence of public bus transport organisation on the introduction of renewable fuel," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 106-115.
    12. Preston, John & van de Velde, Didier, 2016. "Workshop 7 report: Market initiative: Regulatory design, implementation and performance," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 343-348.
    13. Rye, Tom & Monios, Jason & Hrelja, Robert & Isaksson, Karolina, 2018. "The relationship between formal and informal institutions for governance of public transport," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 196-206.
    14. McTigue, Clare & Monios, Jason & Rye, Tom, 2018. "Identifying barriers to implementation of local transport policy: An analysis of bus policy in Great Britain," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 133-143.
    15. Rye, Tom & Wretstrand, Anders, 2014. "Converging structures? Recent regulatory change in bus-based local public transport in Sweden and England," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 24-32.
    16. Alexander Paulsson & Karolina Isaksson, 2019. "Networked authority and regionalised governance: Public transport, a hierarchy of documents and the anti-hierarchy of authorship," Environment and Planning C, , vol. 37(6), pages 985-1004, September.
    17. Nayan, Ashish & Wang, David Z.W., 2017. "Optimal bus transit route packaging in a privatized contracting regime," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 146-157.
    18. Emerson, David & Mulley, Corinne & Bliemer, Michiel C.J., 2016. "A theoretical analysis of business models for urban public transport systems, with comparative reference to a Community Franchise involving Individual Line Ownership," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 368-378.
    19. van de Velde, Didier, 2014. "Market initiative regimes in public transport in Europe: Recent developments," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 33-40.
    20. Cowie, Jonathan, 2014. "Performance, profit and consumer sovereignty in the English deregulated bus market," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 255-262.
    21. van de Velde, Didier & Karl, Astrid, 2018. "Workshop 3 report: Market initiative regimes in bus, coach and rail: Recent developments, threats, developing paradigms and regulatory needs," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 254-259.
    22. Hrelja, Robert & Rye, Tom & Mullen, Caroline, 2018. "Partnerships between operators and public transport authorities. Working practices in relational contracting and collaborative partnerships," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 327-338.

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