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Synthesis of biomass as heterogeneous catalyst for application in biodiesel production: State of the art and fundamental review

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  • Tang, Zo-Ee
  • Lim, Steven
  • Pang, Yean-Ling
  • Ong, Hwai-Chyuan
  • Lee, Keat-Teong

Abstract

Biodiesel is gaining attention as a remedy for the increasing demand of fossil fuels which is depleting rapidly. Commercial homogeneous catalysts in the biodiesel production industry are facing challenges such as separation difficulties and severe corrosion which will lead to the increment of production and maintenance cost. Herein, this paper focuses on the comprehensive review of literature reported on the usage of biomass as the precursor for the catalyst used in biodiesel production. Compared to other commercial catalysts, the usage of biomass as catalyst precursor possesses several advantages such as abundantly available, cheaper raw materials, reusable, non-toxic and biodegradable. Carbon material synthesized from biomass which acts as the efficient support for active sites due to its high porosity and surface area characteristic has been studied widely. The latest development of biomass derived basic, acidic and magnetic heterogeneous catalyst through several state of the art synthesis pathways starting from the synthesis of the supporting material (carbon) until the functionalization process to form the complete catalyst was reviewed. Apart from direct sulfonation using sulfuric acid, sulfonation by reduction and arylation were less hazardous and provided comparable active sites activity. Most biomass based catalysts exhibited good catalytic performance by providing high biodiesel yield of above 80% at optimum conditions. Besides that, various kinetic models developed from the reaction kinetic study catalyzed by biomass based catalyst were also reviewed as a preparatory stage for the scaled-up commercialization process of the studied catalyst in the biodiesel production sector. This catalyst could assist to lower the activation energy required for the reactions and thus enables higher reaction rate to reach equilibrium. Continuous research on producing high performing biomass based catalyst with minimum resources is needed in order to achieve the ultimate goal of green and sustainable biodiesel industry.

Suggested Citation

  • Tang, Zo-Ee & Lim, Steven & Pang, Yean-Ling & Ong, Hwai-Chyuan & Lee, Keat-Teong, 2018. "Synthesis of biomass as heterogeneous catalyst for application in biodiesel production: State of the art and fundamental review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 235-253.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:92:y:2018:i:c:p:235-253
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.056
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    1. Ruatpuia, Joseph V.L. & Changmai, Bishwajit & Pathak, Ayush & Alghamdi, Lana A. & Kress, Thomas & Halder, Gopinath & Wheatley, Andrew E.H. & Rokhum, Samuel Lalthazuala, 2023. "Green biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil using a carbon-based solid acid catalyst: A process optimization study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 597-608.
    2. Liu, Xiaoyan & Zhu, Fenfen & Zhang, Rongyan & Zhao, Luyao & Qi, Juanjuan, 2021. "Recent progress on biodiesel production from municipal sewage sludge," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    3. Akhabue, Christopher Ehiaguina & Osa-Benedict, Evidence Osayi & Oyedoh, Eghe Amenze & Otoikhian, Shegun Kevin, 2020. "Development of a bio-based bifunctional catalyst for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of neem seed oil: Modeling and optimization studies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 724-735.
    4. Zailan, Zarifah & Tahir, Muhammad & Jusoh, Mazura & Zakaria, Zaki Yamani, 2021. "A review of sulfonic group bearing porous carbon catalyst for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 430-452.
    5. Zhang, Jianan & Wang, Yuesen & Muldoon, Valerie L. & Deng, Sili, 2022. "Crude glycerol and glycerol as fuels and fuel additives in combustion applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    6. Daabo, Ahmed M. & Saeed, Liqaa I. & Altamer, Marwa H. & Fadhil, Abdelrahman B. & Badawy, Tawfik, 2022. "The production of bio-based fuels and carbon catalysts from chicken waste," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 21-34.
    7. di Bitonto, Luigi & Reynel-Ávila, Hilda Elizabeth & Mendoza-Castillo, Didilia Ileana & Bonilla-Petriciolet, Adrián & Durán-Valle, Carlos J. & Pastore, Carlo, 2020. "Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured calcium oxides supported onto biochar and their application as catalysts for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 52-66.
    8. Rokhum, Samuel Lalthazuala & Changmai, Bishwajit & Kress, Thomas & Wheatley, Andrew E.H., 2022. "A one-pot route to tunable sugar-derived sulfonated carbon catalysts for sustainable production of biodiesel by fatty acid esterification," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 908-919.
    9. Lim, B.A. & Lim, S. & Pang, Y.L. & Shuit, S.H. & Kuan, S.H., 2023. "Critical review on the development of biomass waste as precursor for carbon material as electrocatalysts for metal-air batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    10. Ali, Adnan Hayel & Wanderlind, Eduardo H. & Almerindo, Gizelle I., 2024. "Activated carbon obtained from malt bagasse as a support in heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    11. Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, Homa & Tan, Yie Hua & Kansedo, Jibrail & Mubarak, N.M. & Liew, Rock Keey & Yek, Peter Nai Yuh & Aghbashlo, Mortaza & Ng, Hui Suan & Chong, William Woei Fong & Lam, Su Shiung & , 2023. "Assessing biodiesel production using palm kernel shell-derived sulfonated magnetic biochar from the life cycle assessment perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    12. Munir, Mamoona & Ahmad, Mushtaq & Saeed, Muhammad & Waseem, Amir & Rehan, Mohammad & Nizami, Abdul-Sattar & Zafar, Muhammad & Arshad, Muhammad & Sultana, Shazia, 2019. "Sustainable production of bioenergy from novel non-edible seed oil (Prunus cerasoides) using bimetallic impregnated montmorillonite clay catalyst," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 321-332.
    13. Xia, Shaige & Hu, Yongjie & Chen, Chao & Tao, Junyu & Yan, Beibei & Li, Wanqing & Zhu, Guangbin & Cheng, Zhanjun & Chen, Guanyi, 2022. "Electrolytic transesterification of waste cooking oil using magnetic Co/Fe–Ca based catalyst derived from waste shells: A promising approach towards sustainable biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 1286-1299.
    14. Zhang, Heng & Li, Hu & Hu, Yulin & Venkateswara Rao, Kasanneni Tirumala & Xu, Chunbao (Charles) & Yang, Song, 2019. "Advances in production of bio-based ester fuels with heterogeneous bifunctional catalysts," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.
    15. Yusuff, Adeyinka Sikiru & Gbadamosi, Afeez Olayinka & Atray, Neeraj, 2022. "Development of a zeolite supported CaO derived from chicken eggshell as active base catalyst for used cooking oil biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 1151-1162.
    16. Aisien, Felix Aibuedefe & Aisien, Eki Tina, 2023. "Modeling and optimization of transesterification of rubber seed oil using sulfonated CaO derived from giant African land snail (Achatina fulica) catalyst by response surface methodology," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 137-146.

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