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Three-phase phase-locked loop synchronization algorithms for grid-connected renewable energy systems: A review

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  • Ali, Zunaib
  • Christofides, Nicholas
  • Hadjidemetriou, Lenos
  • Kyriakides, Elias
  • Yang, Yongheng
  • Blaabjerg, Frede

Abstract

The increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (RES) requires appropriate control techniques in order to remain interconnected and contribute in a proper way to the overall grid stability, whenever disturbances occur. In addition, the disconnection of RES due to synchronization problems must be avoided as this may result in penalties and loss of energy generation to RES operators. The control of RES mainly depends on the synchronization algorithm, which should be fast and accurately detect the grid voltage status (e.g., phase, amplitude, and frequency). Typically, phase-locked loop (PLL) synchronization techniques are used for the grid voltage monitoring. The design and performance of PLL directly affect the dynamics of the RES grid side converter (GSC). This paper presents the characteristics, design guidelines and features of advanced state-of-the-art PLL-based synchronization algorithms under normal, abnormal and harmonically-distorted grid conditions. Experimental tests on the selected PLL methods under different grid conditions are presented, followed by a comparative benchmarking and selection guide. Finally, corresponding PLL tuning procedures are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Ali, Zunaib & Christofides, Nicholas & Hadjidemetriou, Lenos & Kyriakides, Elias & Yang, Yongheng & Blaabjerg, Frede, 2018. "Three-phase phase-locked loop synchronization algorithms for grid-connected renewable energy systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 434-452.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:90:y:2018:i:c:p:434-452
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.086
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Guerrero-Rodríguez, N.F. & Rey-Boué, Alexis B. & Bueno, E.J. & Ortiz, Octavio & Reyes-Archundia, Enrique, 2017. "Synchronization algorithms for grid-connected renewable systems: Overview, tests and comparative analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 629-643.
    2. Ngoc Bao Lai & Kyeong-Hwa Kim, 2016. "An Improved Current Control Strategy for a Grid-Connected Inverter under Distorted Grid Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(3), pages 1-23, March.
    3. Arul, P.G. & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Rajkumar, R.K., 2015. "Control strategies for a hybrid renewable energy system: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 597-608.
    4. Jaalam, N. & Rahim, N.A. & Bakar, A.H.A. & Tan, ChiaKwang & Haidar, Ahmed M.A., 2016. "A comprehensive review of synchronization methods for grid-connected converters of renewable energy source," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 1471-1481.
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    4. Zunaib Ali & Komal Saleem & Robert Brown & Nicholas Christofides & Sandra Dudley, 2022. "Performance Analysis and Benchmarking of PLL-Driven Phasor Measurement Units for Renewable Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-22, March.
    5. Khlid Ben Hamad & Doudou N. Luta & Atanda K. Raji, 2021. "A Grid-Tied Fuel Cell Multilevel Inverter with Low Harmonic Distortions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-24, January.
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    7. San, Guocheng & Zhang, Wenlin & Guo, Xiaoqiang & Hua, Changchun & Xin, Huanhai & Blaabjerg, Frede, 2020. "Large-disturbance stability for power-converter-dominated microgrid: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).

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