IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v187y2023ics1364032123005506.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A comprehensive review on the recovery of cathode active materials via direct recycling from spent Li-ion batteries

Author

Listed:
  • Shin, Youngjun
  • Kim, Seoa
  • Park, Sanghyuk
  • Lee, Jimin
  • Bae, Jihyeon
  • Kim, Dongwoo
  • Joo, Hyeoncheol
  • Ban, Sungho
  • Lee, Haeun
  • Kim, Yonghoon
  • Kwon, Kyungjung

Abstract

The appropriate disposal of spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is critical considering the limited resources of strategic metals and negative impacts on the environment as well as economic profits from LIB recycling. The direct recycling process as one of LIB recycling schemes regenerates spent cathode active materials through a series of liberation and relithiation processes without the destruction of active materials. In this review, we comprehensively cover the overall liberation and regeneration process for all kinds of commercial cathode active materials. Specifically, separation technologies that liberate cathode active materials are analyzed based on categorized methodologies including thermal treatment with single or multiple stages, chemical treatment through solvent- or mechanically-assisted dissolution methods, and the combined processes of chemo-thermal treatment. Next, we summarize the degradation mechanisms of cathode active materials and introduce regeneration methods that are mainly adopted in the direct recycling process such as solid-state, hydrothermal, molten-salt methods. We further compare the electrochemical performance of regenerated cathode active materials according to their regeneration process. The impacts of impurities that could exist during the direct recycling process on the structural and electrochemical properties of regenerated cathode active materials are firstly addressed. Lastly, research issues are suggested for the commercialization of the direct recycling process.

Suggested Citation

  • Shin, Youngjun & Kim, Seoa & Park, Sanghyuk & Lee, Jimin & Bae, Jihyeon & Kim, Dongwoo & Joo, Hyeoncheol & Ban, Sungho & Lee, Haeun & Kim, Yonghoon & Kwon, Kyungjung, 2023. "A comprehensive review on the recovery of cathode active materials via direct recycling from spent Li-ion batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:187:y:2023:i:c:s1364032123005506
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113693
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032123005506
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113693?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Guan, Lingyu & Liu, Meihua & Yu, Fan & Qiu, Tao & Zhou, Tangbangguo & Lin, Xu, 2021. "A LiFePO4 regeneration method based on PVAc alcoholysis reaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 559-567.
    2. Gavin Harper & Roberto Sommerville & Emma Kendrick & Laura Driscoll & Peter Slater & Rustam Stolkin & Allan Walton & Paul Christensen & Oliver Heidrich & Simon Lambert & Andrew Abbott & Karl Ryder & L, 2019. "Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles," Nature, Nature, vol. 575(7781), pages 75-86, November.
    3. Manjunath, Archana & Gross, George, 2017. "Towards a meaningful metric for the quantification of GHG emissions of electric vehicles (EVs)," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 423-429.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Guido Busca, 2024. "Critical Aspects of Energetic Transition Technologies and the Roles of Materials Chemistry and Engineering," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-32, July.
    2. Gu, Xubo & Bai, Hanyu & Cui, Xiaofan & Zhu, Juner & Zhuang, Weichao & Li, Zhaojian & Hu, Xiaosong & Song, Ziyou, 2024. "Challenges and opportunities for second-life batteries: Key technologies and economy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    3. Gutsch, Moritz & Leker, Jens, 2024. "Costs, carbon footprint, and environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries – From cathode active material synthesis to cell manufacturing and recycling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PB).
    4. Kılkış, Şiir & Ulpiani, Giulia & Vetters, Nadja, 2024. "Visions for climate neutrality and opportunities for co-learning in European cities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    5. Guanjun Ji & Di Tang & Junxiong Wang & Zheng Liang & Haocheng Ji & Jun Ma & Zhaofeng Zhuang & Song Liu & Guangmin Zhou & Hui-Ming Cheng, 2024. "Sustainable upcycling of mixed spent cathodes to a high-voltage polyanionic cathode material," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-10, December.
    6. Shahjalal, Mohammad & Roy, Probir Kumar & Shams, Tamanna & Fly, Ashley & Chowdhury, Jahedul Islam & Ahmed, Md. Rishad & Liu, Kailong, 2022. "A review on second-life of Li-ion batteries: prospects, challenges, and issues," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    7. Wang, Mengmeng & Liu, Kang & Dutta, Shanta & Alessi, Daniel S. & Rinklebe, Jörg & Ok, Yong Sik & Tsang, Daniel C.W., 2022. "Recycling of lithium iron phosphate batteries: Status, technologies, challenges, and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    8. Fatmawati Fatmawati & Nuryanti Mustari & Haerana Haerana & Risma Niswaty & Abdillah Abdillah, 2022. "Waste Bank Policy Implementation through Collaborative Approach: Comparative Study—Makassar and Bantaeng, Indonesia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-15, June.
    9. Andrzej Pacana & Dominika Siwiec & Robert Ulewicz & Malgorzata Ulewicz, 2024. "A Novelty Model Employing the Quality Life Cycle Assessment (QLCA) Indicator and Frameworks for Selecting Qualitative and Environmental Aspects for Sustainable Product Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-24, September.
    10. Hongxia Chen & Jeongsoo Yu & Xiaoyue Liu, 2022. "Development Strategies and Policy Trends of the Next-Generation Vehicles Battery: Focusing on the International Comparison of China, Japan and South Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-12, September.
    11. Costa, C.M. & Barbosa, J.C. & Castro, H. & Gonçalves, R. & Lanceros-Méndez, S., 2021. "Electric vehicles: To what extent are environmentally friendly and cost effective? – Comparative study by european countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    12. Yongyou Nie & Yuhan Wang & Lu Li & Haolan Liao, 2023. "Literature Review on Power Battery Echelon Reuse and Recycling from a Circular Economy Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-28, February.
    13. Arjun K. Thapa & Abhinav C. Nouduri & Mohammed Mohiuddin & Hari Prasad Reddy Kannapu & Lihui Bai & Hui Wang & Mahendra K. Sunkara, 2024. "Recycling and Reuse of Mn-Based Spinel Electrode from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-13, August.
    14. Golmohammadzadeh, Rabeeh & Faraji, Fariborz & Jong, Brian & Pozo-Gonzalo, Cristina & Banerjee, Parama Chakraborty, 2022. "Current challenges and future opportunities toward recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    15. Nguyen-Tien, Viet & Dai, Qiang & Harper, Gavin D.J. & Anderson, Paul A. & Elliott, Robert J.R., 2022. "Optimising the geospatial configuration of a future lithium ion battery recycling industry in the transition to electric vehicles and a circular economy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    16. Erick C. Jones, 2024. "Lithium Supply Chain Optimization: A Global Analysis of Critical Minerals for Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-31, May.
    17. Zhaosheng Zhang & Shuo Wang & Ni Lin & Zhenpo Wang & Peng Liu, 2023. "State of Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles Based on Regional Capacity and LGBM," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-20, January.
    18. Xingxing Wang & Yujie Zhang & Hongjun Ni & Shuaishuai Lv & Fubao Zhang & Yu Zhu & Yinnan Yuan & Yelin Deng, 2022. "Influence of Different Ambient Temperatures on the Discharge Performance of Square Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-22, July.
    19. Zhang, Xiaojing & Chang, Hsu-Ling & Su, Chi-Wei & Qin, Meng & Umar, Muhammad, 2024. "Exploring the dynamic interaction between geopolitical risks and lithium prices: A time-varying analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    20. Jun Ma & Junxiong Wang & Kai Jia & Zheng Liang & Guanjun Ji & Haocheng Ji & Yanfei Zhu & Wen Chen & Hui-Ming Cheng & Guangmin Zhou, 2024. "Subtractive transformation of cathode materials in spent Li-ion batteries to a low-cobalt 5 V-class cathode material," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-10, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:187:y:2023:i:c:s1364032123005506. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.