IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v161y2022ics136403212200291x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Green ammonia enables sustainable energy production in small island developing states: A case study on the island of Curaçao

Author

Listed:
  • Sagel, Victor N.
  • Rouwenhorst, Kevin H.R.
  • Faria, Jimmy A.

Abstract

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have a high dependency on fossil fuels for energy, water, and food production. This has negative implications on the carbon footprint and resilience of the SIDS. Wind power is one of the most promising options for renewable energy in the coastal areas of the SIDS. To account for the seasonal intermittent nature of wind energy, ammonia can be used for energy storage. In this paper, ammonia as an energy vector, is examined to reduce the costs and carbon footprint of energy on the island of Curaçao as a showcase for Caribbean SIDS. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for the combined wind and ammonia energy storage system is 0.13 USD/kWh at a discount rate of 5%. This is cost competitive with the LCOE of 0.15–0.17 USD/kWh from heavy fuel oil, which is the main electricity source in the Caribbean SIDS. In Curaçao, the LCOE from LNG and coal without carbon capture and storage (CCS) is 0.07–0.10 USD/kWh and 0.09–0.14 USD/kWh, respectively. When CCS is applied, the LCOE from LNG and coal is 0.10–0.13 USD/kWh and 0.14–0.21 USD/kWh, respectively. This suggests that the LCOE of the combined wind and ammonia energy storage system can be competitive with fossil-based alternatives with carbon capture and storage (CCS) in a decarbonized energy landscape. The CO2-footprint of the combined wind energy and ammonia energy storage system is 0.03 kg CO2/kWh, compared to 0.04 kg CO2/kWh and 0.12 kg CO2/kWh for LNG-/coal-based energy generation with CCS, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Sagel, Victor N. & Rouwenhorst, Kevin H.R. & Faria, Jimmy A., 2022. "Green ammonia enables sustainable energy production in small island developing states: A case study on the island of Curaçao," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:161:y:2022:i:c:s136403212200291x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112381
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403212200291X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112381?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shea, Ryan P. & Ramgolam, Yatindra Kumar, 2019. "Applied levelized cost of electricity for energy technologies in a small island developing state: A case study in Mauritius," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 1415-1424.
    2. Arvesen, Anders & Hertwich, Edgar G., 2012. "Assessing the life cycle environmental impacts of wind power: A review of present knowledge and research needs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(8), pages 5994-6006.
    3. van der Velde, M. & Green, S.R. & Vanclooster, M. & Clothier, B.E., 2007. "Sustainable development in small island developing states: Agricultural intensification, economic development, and freshwater resources management on the coral atoll of Tongatapu," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(2-3), pages 456-468, March.
    4. Rouwenhorst, Kevin H.R. & Van der Ham, Aloijsius G.J. & Mul, Guido & Kersten, Sascha R.A., 2019. "Islanded ammonia power systems: Technology review & conceptual process design," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.
    5. Cesaro, Zac & Ives, Matthew & Nayak-Luke, Richard & Mason, Mike & Bañares-Alcántara, René, 2021. "Ammonia to power: Forecasting the levelized cost of electricity from green ammonia in large-scale power plants," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(PA).
    6. Shirley, Rebekah & Kammen, Daniel, 2013. "Renewable energy sector development in the Caribbean: Current trends and lessons from history," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 244-252.
    7. Muhammad Aziz & Agung Tri Wijayanta & Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto, 2020. "Ammonia as Effective Hydrogen Storage: A Review on Production, Storage and Utilization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-25, June.
    8. Nicholas H. Johnson & Barry D. Solomon, 2010. "A Net-Present Value Analysis for a Wind Turbine Purchase at a Small US College," Energies, MDPI, vol. 3(5), pages 1-17, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Lan, Penghang & Chen, She & Li, Qihang & Li, Kelin & Wang, Feng & Zhao, Yaoxun & Wang, Tianwei, 2024. "Comparison of different hydrogen-ammonia energy conversion pathways for renewable energy supply," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    2. Ahmed, Shoaib & Li, Tie & Yi, Ping & Chen, Run, 2023. "Environmental impact assessment of green ammonia-powered very large tanker ship for decarbonized future shipping operations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    3. Du, Zhengyang & Dai, Zhenxue & Yang, Zhijie & Zhan, Chuanjun & Chen, Wei & Cao, Mingxu & Thanh, Hung Vo & Soltanian, Mohamad Reza, 2024. "Exploring hydrogen geologic storage in China for future energy: Opportunities and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    4. Victor N. Sagel & Kevin H. R. Rouwenhorst & Jimmy A. Faria, 2022. "Renewable Electricity Generation in Small Island Developing States: The Effect of Importing Ammonia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-18, May.
    5. Zhao, Fei & Li, Yalou & Zhou, Xiaoxin & Wang, Dandan & Wei, Yawei & Li, Fang, 2023. "Co-optimization of decarbonized operation of coal-fired power plants and seasonal storage based on green ammonia co-firing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    6. Zhou, Xinyi & Li, Tie & Wang, Ning & Wang, Xinran & Chen, Run & Li, Shiyan, 2023. "Pilot diesel-ignited ammonia dual fuel low-speed marine engines: A comparative analysis of ammonia premixed and high-pressure spray combustion modes with CFD simulation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    7. Ahmad Bathaei & Dalia Štreimikienė, 2023. "Renewable Energy and Sustainable Agriculture: Review of Indicators," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-24, September.
    8. Andreas Dimou & Konstantinos Moustakas & Stergios Vakalis, 2023. "The Role of Hydrogen and H 2 Mobility on the Green Transition of Islands: The Case of Anafi (Greece)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-14, April.
    9. Farajiamiri, Mina & Meyer, Jörn-Christian & Walther, Grit, 2023. "Multi-objective optimization of renewable fuel supply chains regarding cost, land use, and water use," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Victor N. Sagel & Kevin H. R. Rouwenhorst & Jimmy A. Faria, 2022. "Renewable Electricity Generation in Small Island Developing States: The Effect of Importing Ammonia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-18, May.
    2. Hookyung Lee & Min-Jung Lee, 2021. "Recent Advances in Ammonia Combustion Technology in Thermal Power Generation System for Carbon Emission Reduction," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-29, September.
    3. Nadaleti, Willian Cézar & Cardozo, Emanuélle & Bittencourt Machado, Jones & Maximilla Pereira, Peterson & Costa dos Santos, Maele & Gomes de Souza, Eduarda & Haertel, Paula & Kunde Correa, Erico & Vie, 2023. "Hydrogen and electricity potential generation from rice husks and persiculture biomass in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    4. Egerer, Jonas & Grimm, Veronika & Niazmand, Kiana & Runge, Philipp, 2023. "The economics of global green ammonia trade – “Shipping Australian wind and sunshine to Germany”," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    5. Lan, Penghang & Chen, She & Li, Qihang & Li, Kelin & Wang, Feng & Zhao, Yaoxun & Wang, Tianwei, 2024. "Comparison of different hydrogen-ammonia energy conversion pathways for renewable energy supply," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    6. Zhao, Fei & Li, Yalou & Zhou, Xiaoxin & Wang, Dandan & Wei, Yawei & Li, Fang, 2023. "Co-optimization of decarbonized operation of coal-fired power plants and seasonal storage based on green ammonia co-firing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    7. Wen, Du & Aziz, Muhammad, 2022. "Techno-economic analyses of power-to-ammonia-to-power and biomass-to-ammonia-to-power pathways for carbon neutrality scenario," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 319(C).
    8. Marina Pinzón & Paula Sánchez & Ana Raquel de la Osa & Amaya Romero & Antonio de Lucas-Consuegra, 2022. "Recent Insights into Low-Surface-Area Catalysts for Hydrogen Production from Ammonia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-25, November.
    9. Kenichiro Takeishi, 2022. "Evolution of Turbine Cooled Vanes and Blades Applied for Large Industrial Gas Turbines and Its Trend toward Carbon Neutrality," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-35, November.
    10. Rafael Estevez & Francisco J. López-Tenllado & Laura Aguado-Deblas & Felipa M. Bautista & Antonio A. Romero & Diego Luna, 2023. "Current Research on Green Ammonia (NH 3 ) as a Potential Vector Energy for Power Storage and Engine Fuels: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-33, July.
    11. Sun, Chongzheng & Fan, Xin & Li, Yuxing & Han, Hui & Zhu, Jianlu & Liu, Liang & Geng, Xiaoyi, 2022. "Research on the offshore adaptability of new offshore ammonia-hydrogen coupling storage and transportation technology," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 700-711.
    12. Viviana Negro & Michel Noussan & David Chiaramonti, 2023. "The Potential Role of Ammonia for Hydrogen Storage and Transport: A Critical Review of Challenges and Opportunities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-19, August.
    13. Blanco, Elena C. & Sánchez, Antonio & Martín, Mariano & Vega, Pastora, 2023. "Methanol and ammonia as emerging green fuels: Evaluation of a new power generation paradigm," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    14. Emblemsvåg, Jan, 2022. "Wind energy is not sustainable when balanced by fossil energy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    15. Niklas Andersen & Ola Eriksson & Karl Hillman & Marita Wallhagen, 2016. "Wind Turbines’ End-of-Life: Quantification and Characterisation of Future Waste Materials on a National Level," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(12), pages 1-24, November.
    16. Hong, Sanghyun & Kim, Eunsung & Jeong, Saerok, 2023. "Evaluating the sustainability of the hydrogen economy using multi-criteria decision-making analysis in Korea," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 485-492.
    17. Shirley, Rebekah G. & Word, Jettie, 2018. "Rights, rivers and renewables: Lessons from hydropower conflict in Borneo on the role of cultural politics in energy planning for Small Island Developing States," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 189-199.
    18. Constantino Dário Justo & José Eduardo Tafula & Pedro Moura, 2022. "Planning Sustainable Energy Systems in the Southern African Development Community: A Review of Power Systems Planning Approaches," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-28, October.
    19. Richard P. van Leeuwen & Annelies E. Boerman & Edmund W. Schaefer & Gerwin Hoogsteen & Yashar S. Hajimolana, 2022. "Model Supported Business Case Scenario Analysis for Decentral Hydrogen Conversion, Storage and Consumption within Energy Hubs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-22, March.
    20. Savino, Matteo M. & Manzini, Riccardo & Della Selva, Vincenzo & Accorsi, Riccardo, 2017. "A new model for environmental and economic evaluation of renewable energy systems: The case of wind turbines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 739-752.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:161:y:2022:i:c:s136403212200291x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.