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Kinetic evaluation of the viologen-catalyzed carbohydrate oxidation reaction for fuel cell application

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  • Watt, Gerald D.

Abstract

The use of abundant carbohydrates as resources for the production of electrical energy is an important area of research and development. Until recently only limited success has been reported in developing efficient catalysts for use in carbohydrate fuel cells. Viologens are active catalysts in transferring the abundant, low-potential (∼1.0 V) electrons stored in carbohydrates (24 electrons/glucose) to O2 or fuel cell electrodes in alkaline solution. To maximize electrical production from an alkaline carbohydrate fuel cell, it is essential to understand the variables determining the rate of electron transfer from the carbohydrate fuel to the viologen catalysts and then to the current collecting electrodes. Electron transfer from viologens to electrodes is a rapid process, so here we report a kinetic investigation evaluating the kinetics of oxidation of various carbohydrates with viologens under a variety of conditions, including viologen type. At a fixed temperature and pH, a first order reaction in both viologen and carbohydrate was observed. In general, carbohydrates with fewer than 5 carbon atoms react rapidly at room temperature and below but those with 5 carbons or more react more slowly and require temperatures of 40–55 °C. The results demonstrate that viologen oxidation of carbohydrates is sufficiently rapid that viable electrical power can be derived from alkaline carbohydrate fuel cells.

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  • Watt, Gerald D., 2014. "Kinetic evaluation of the viologen-catalyzed carbohydrate oxidation reaction for fuel cell application," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 370-375.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:63:y:2014:i:c:p:370-375
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2013.09.025
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    1. Xuan, Jin & Leung, Michael K.H. & Leung, Dennis Y.C. & Ni, Meng, 2009. "A review of biomass-derived fuel processors for fuel cell systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(6-7), pages 1301-1313, August.
    2. M. S. Dresselhaus & I. L. Thomas, 2001. "Alternative energy technologies," Nature, Nature, vol. 414(6861), pages 332-337, November.
    3. Read, Adam & Hansen, Dane & Aloi, Sekoti & Pitt, William G. & Wheeler, Dean R. & Watt, Gerald D., 2012. "Monoalkyl viologens are effective carbohydrate O2-oxidation catalysts for electrical energy generation by fuel cells," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 218-223.
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    1. Watt, G.D., 2014. "A new future for carbohydrate fuel cells," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 99-104.
    2. Bahari, Meisam & Malmberg, Michael A. & Brown, Daniel M. & Hadi Nazari, S. & Lewis, Randy S. & Watt, Gerald D. & Harb, John N., 2020. "Oxidation efficiency of glucose using viologen mediators for glucose fuel cell applications with non-precious anodes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).

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