Hybrid renewable hydrogen systems in Saudi Arabia: A techno-economic evaluation for three diverse locations

This study presents a techno-economic evaluation of hybrid renewable hydrogen systems in Al Jouf, Yanbu, and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using HOMER software to model and optimize grid-connected and off-grid configurations. Grid-connected systems consistently demonstrate superior cost-effectiveness, achieving lower hydrogen (COH) and energy (COE) costs, particularly in resource-rich regions like Yanbu. Off-grid systems, while more expensive, offer crucial energy independence for remote areas or where grid reliability is a concern. Sensitivity analyses reveal that increasing solar irradiance reduces COH, COE, and net present cost (NPC), along with optimal PV array sizes, especially in grid-connected systems. Wind resources play a significant role in Yanbu, where abundant wind reduces reliance on solar energy. This emphasis on the role of wind resources in Yanbu provides the audience with specific regional factors affecting system design. Off-grid systems exhibit greater sensitivity to demand fluctuations due to their dependence on battery storage. The study highlights the importance of tailoring system designs to local resource availability, climate, and demand. Policy recommendations include promoting grid integration, supporting off-grid solutions in areas with limited grid access, investing in climate-resilient technologies, and fostering regional collaboration for a sustainable hydrogen economy in Saudi Arabia and the Arab region.