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Optimization of ternary blends among refined palm oil-hexanol-melaleuca cajuputi oil and engine emissions analysis of the blends

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  • Che Mat, S.
  • Idroas, M.Y.
  • Teoh, Y.H.
  • Hamid, M.F.
  • Sharudin, H.
  • Pahmi, M.A.A.H.

Abstract

This study investigated the viscosity, density, and calorific value of refined palm oil-hexanol-melaleuca cajuputi oil ternary biofuel blends suitable for diesel engine applications and their influence on the exhaust emissions. The mixture design method was used to formulate the blend ratio and to determine the optimal biofuel blend before it was introduced to the engine. Analysis of variance was used to identify the mathematical correlation between the blend's ratio and its effect on viscosity, density, and calorific value. Three mathematical equations were developed to predict viscosity, density, and calorific value of the blends with R2 values of 0.9998, 0.9988, and 0.9619, respectively. Based on the mixture design method algorithm, the blend ratio of 35RPO50MCO15HX was found to have key properties comply with ASTM D6751 specification. This optimal blend demonstrated lower nitrogen oxides and smoke opacity emission than diesel fuel with maximum reduction of 56% and 42%, respectively. Carbon monoxides and unburned hydrocarbon emissions were increased at low load but decreased close to diesel fuel at higher engine loads.

Suggested Citation

  • Che Mat, S. & Idroas, M.Y. & Teoh, Y.H. & Hamid, M.F. & Sharudin, H. & Pahmi, M.A.A.H., 2022. "Optimization of ternary blends among refined palm oil-hexanol-melaleuca cajuputi oil and engine emissions analysis of the blends," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 451-461.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:196:y:2022:i:c:p:451-461
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.07.018
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    1. Pant, Manish & Pant, Tanuja, 2023. "Maximising biotransformation of pine needles to microbial lipids using Lipomyces starkeyi MTCC 1400T," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 574-581.
    2. Qin, Jinshan & Peng, Xiao & Qiu, Qinpan & Tang, Chao, 2022. "A new type of nano APTES-hBN modified palm oil as natural ester insulating oil with upgraded thermal aging characteristics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 743-750.

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