IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/renene/v196y2022icp451-461.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimization of ternary blends among refined palm oil-hexanol-melaleuca cajuputi oil and engine emissions analysis of the blends

Author

Listed:
  • Che Mat, S.
  • Idroas, M.Y.
  • Teoh, Y.H.
  • Hamid, M.F.
  • Sharudin, H.
  • Pahmi, M.A.A.H.

Abstract

This study investigated the viscosity, density, and calorific value of refined palm oil-hexanol-melaleuca cajuputi oil ternary biofuel blends suitable for diesel engine applications and their influence on the exhaust emissions. The mixture design method was used to formulate the blend ratio and to determine the optimal biofuel blend before it was introduced to the engine. Analysis of variance was used to identify the mathematical correlation between the blend's ratio and its effect on viscosity, density, and calorific value. Three mathematical equations were developed to predict viscosity, density, and calorific value of the blends with R2 values of 0.9998, 0.9988, and 0.9619, respectively. Based on the mixture design method algorithm, the blend ratio of 35RPO50MCO15HX was found to have key properties comply with ASTM D6751 specification. This optimal blend demonstrated lower nitrogen oxides and smoke opacity emission than diesel fuel with maximum reduction of 56% and 42%, respectively. Carbon monoxides and unburned hydrocarbon emissions were increased at low load but decreased close to diesel fuel at higher engine loads.

Suggested Citation

  • Che Mat, S. & Idroas, M.Y. & Teoh, Y.H. & Hamid, M.F. & Sharudin, H. & Pahmi, M.A.A.H., 2022. "Optimization of ternary blends among refined palm oil-hexanol-melaleuca cajuputi oil and engine emissions analysis of the blends," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 451-461.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:196:y:2022:i:c:p:451-461
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.07.018
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096014812201014X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.renene.2022.07.018?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Singh, Paramvir & Chauhan, S.R. & Goel, Varun, 2018. "Assessment of diesel engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics fuelled with dual fuel blends," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 501-510.
    2. Vallinayagam, R. & Vedharaj, S. & Yang, W.M. & Roberts, W.L. & Dibble, R.W., 2015. "Feasibility of using less viscous and lower cetane (LVLC) fuels in a diesel engine: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1166-1190.
    3. Babu, D. & Anand, R., 2017. "Effect of biodiesel-diesel-n-pentanol and biodiesel-diesel-n-hexanol blends on diesel engine emission and combustion characteristics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 761-776.
    4. E, Jiaqiang & Pham, MinhHieu & Deng, Yuanwang & Nguyen, Tuannghia & Duy, VinhNguyen & Le, DucHieu & Zuo, Wei & Peng, Qingguo & Zhang, Zhiqing, 2018. "Effects of injection timing and injection pressure on performance and exhaust emissions of a common rail diesel engine fueled by various concentrations of fish-oil biodiesel blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 979-989.
    5. Bohl, Thomas & Tian, Guohong & Smallbone, Andrew & Roskilly, Anthony P., 2017. "Macroscopic spray characteristics of next-generation bio-derived diesel fuels in comparison to mineral diesel," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(P3), pages 562-573.
    6. Che Mat, Sharzali & Idroas, M.Y. & Teoh, Y.H. & Hamid, M.F., 2019. "Optimisation of viscosity and density of refined palm Oil-Melaleuca Cajuputi oil binary blends using mixture design method," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 393-400.
    7. Ahmad, A.L. & Yasin, N.H. Mat & Derek, C.J.C. & Lim, J.K., 2011. "Microalgae as a sustainable energy source for biodiesel production: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 584-593, January.
    8. Atabani, A.E. & Silitonga, A.S. & Ong, H.C. & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Masjuki, H.H. & Badruddin, Irfan Anjum & Fayaz, H., 2013. "Non-edible vegetable oils: A critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 211-245.
    9. Vallinayagam, R. & Vedharaj, S. & Yang, W.M. & Lee, P.S. & Chua, K.J.E. & Chou, S.K., 2013. "Combustion performance and emission characteristics study of pine oil in a diesel engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 344-351.
    10. No, Soo-Young, 2011. "Inedible vegetable oils and their derivatives for alternative diesel fuels in CI engines: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 131-149, January.
    11. Hoang, Anh Tuan, 2019. "Experimental study on spray and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with preheated bio-oils and diesel fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 795-808.
    12. Silitonga, A.S. & Masjuki, H.H. & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Ong, H.C. & Chong, W.T. & Boosroh, M.H., 2013. "Overview properties of biodiesel diesel blends from edible and non-edible feedstock," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 346-360.
    13. Kumar, Santosh & Singh, Neetu & Prasad, Ram, 2010. "Anhydrous ethanol: A renewable source of energy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(7), pages 1830-1844, September.
    14. Makarfi Isa, Yusuf & Ganda, Elvis Tinashe, 2018. "Bio-oil as a potential source of petroleum range fuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 69-75.
    15. Barontini, Federica & Simone, Marco & Triana, Federico & Mancini, Andrea & Ragaglini, Giorgio & Nicolella, Cristiano, 2015. "Pilot-scale biofuel production from sunflower crops in central Italy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 954-962.
    16. Sharzali Che Mat & Mohamad Yusof Idroas & Yew Heng Teoh & Mohd Fadzli Hamid, 2018. "Physicochemical, Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Melaleuca Cajuputi Oil-Refined Palm Oil Hybrid Biofuel Blend," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-20, November.
    17. Senthur Prabu, S. & Asokan, M.A. & Prathiba, S. & Ahmed, Shakkeel & Puthean, George, 2018. "Effect of additives on performance, combustion and emission behavior of preheated palm oil/diesel blends in DI diesel engine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 196-205.
    18. Mohan, Balaji & Yang, Wenming & Raman, Vallinayagam & Sivasankaralingam, Vedharaj & Chou, Siaw Kiang, 2014. "Optimization of biodiesel fueled engine to meet emission standards through varying nozzle opening pressure and static injection timing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 450-457.
    19. Misra, R.D. & Murthy, M.S., 2010. "Straight vegetable oils usage in a compression ignition engine--A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(9), pages 3005-3013, December.
    20. S. M. Ashrafur Rahman & Md. Nurun Nabi & Thuy Chu Van & Kabir Suara & Mohammad Jafari & Ashley Dowell & Md. Aminul Islam & Anthony J. Marchese & Jessica Tryner & Md. Farhad Hossain & Thomas J. Rainey , 2018. "Performance and Combustion Characteristics Analysis of Multi-Cylinder CI Engine Using Essential Oil Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-15, March.
    21. Mat Yasin, Mohd Hafizil & Mamat, Rizalman & Najafi, G. & Ali, Obed Majeed & Yusop, Ahmad Fitri & Ali, Mohd Hafiz, 2017. "Potentials of palm oil as new feedstock oil for a global alternative fuel: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1034-1049.
    22. No, Soo-Young, 2017. "Application of straight vegetable oil from triglyceride based biomass to IC engines – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 80-97.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Pant, Manish & Pant, Tanuja, 2023. "Maximising biotransformation of pine needles to microbial lipids using Lipomyces starkeyi MTCC 1400T," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 574-581.
    2. Qin, Jinshan & Peng, Xiao & Qiu, Qinpan & Tang, Chao, 2022. "A new type of nano APTES-hBN modified palm oil as natural ester insulating oil with upgraded thermal aging characteristics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 743-750.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Tamilselvan, P. & Nallusamy, N. & Rajkumar, S., 2017. "A comprehensive review on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel fuelled diesel engines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1134-1159.
    2. Bhuiya, M.M.K. & Rasul, M.G. & Khan, M.M.K. & Ashwath, N. & Azad, A.K., 2016. "Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel—Part: 1 selection of feedstocks, oil extraction techniques and conversion technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 1109-1128.
    3. Rafael Estevez & Laura Aguado-Deblas & Francisco J. López-Tenllado & Carlos Luna & Juan Calero & Antonio A. Romero & Felipa M. Bautista & Diego Luna, 2022. "Biodiesel Is Dead: Long Life to Advanced Biofuels—A Comprehensive Critical Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-39, April.
    4. Aydın, Selman, 2020. "Comprehensive analysis of combustion, performance and emissions of power generator diesel engine fueled with different source of biodiesel blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C).
    5. Atabani, A.E. & Silitonga, A.S. & Ong, H.C. & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Masjuki, H.H. & Badruddin, Irfan Anjum & Fayaz, H., 2013. "Non-edible vegetable oils: A critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 211-245.
    6. Azad, A.K. & Rasul, M.G. & Khan, M.M.K. & Sharma, Subhash C. & Hazrat, M.A., 2015. "Prospect of biofuels as an alternative transport fuel in Australia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 331-351.
    7. Chiaramonti, David & Rizzo, Andrea Maria & Spadi, Adriano & Prussi, Matteo & Riccio, Giovanni & Martelli, Francesco, 2013. "Exhaust emissions from liquid fuel micro gas turbine fed with diesel oil, biodiesel and vegetable oil," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 349-356.
    8. Singh, Paramvir & Varun, & Chauhan, S.R. & Kumar, Niraj, 2016. "A review on methodology for complete elimination of diesel from CI engines using mixed feedstock," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 1110-1125.
    9. Hamid, M. Fadzli & Idroas, M. Yusof & Mazlan, M. & Sa'ad, S. & Teoh, Y.H. & Che Mat, S. & Miskam, M.A. & Abdullah, M.K., 2022. "Methods for improving the in-cylinder airflow characteristics for sustainable transportation using fuels with higher viscosity: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    10. Bhuiya, M.M.K. & Rasul, M.G. & Khan, M.M.K. & Ashwath, N. & Azad, A.K. & Hazrat, M.A., 2016. "Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel – Part 2: Properties, performance and emission characteristics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 1129-1146.
    11. Bilgili, Levent, 2023. "A systematic review on the acceptance of alternative marine fuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    12. Vigneshwar, V. & Krishnan, S. Yogesh & Kishna, R. Susanth & Srinath, R. & Ashok, B. & Nanthagopal, K., 2019. "Comprehensive review of Calophyllum inophyllum as a feasible alternate energy for CI engine applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    13. Sharzali Che Mat & Mohamad Yusof Idroas & Yew Heng Teoh & Mohd Fadzli Hamid, 2018. "Physicochemical, Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Melaleuca Cajuputi Oil-Refined Palm Oil Hybrid Biofuel Blend," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-20, November.
    14. Vallinayagam, R. & Vedharaj, S. & Yang, W.M. & Roberts, W.L. & Dibble, R.W., 2015. "Feasibility of using less viscous and lower cetane (LVLC) fuels in a diesel engine: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1166-1190.
    15. Venu, Harish & Raju, V. Dhana & Subramani, Lingesan & Appavu, Prabhu, 2020. "Experimental assessment on the regulated and unregulated emissions of DI diesel engine fuelled with Chlorella emersonii methyl ester (CEME)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 88-102.
    16. Mofijur, M. & Atabani, A.E. & Masjuki, H.H. & Kalam, M.A. & Masum, B.M., 2013. "A study on the effects of promising edible and non-edible biodiesel feedstocks on engine performance and emissions production: A comparative evaluation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 391-404.
    17. Rozina, & Ahmad, Mushtaq & Zafar, Muhammad & Ali, Nasir & Lu, Houfang, 2017. "Biodiesel synthesis from Saussurea heteromalla (D.Don) Hand-Mazz integrating ethanol production using biorefinery approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1810-1818.
    18. Laura Aguado-Deblas & Jesús Hidalgo-Carrillo & Felipa M. Bautista & Diego Luna & Carlos Luna & Juan Calero & Alejandro Posadillo & Antonio A. Romero & Rafael Estevez, 2020. "Diethyl Ether as an Oxygenated Additive for Fossil Diesel/Vegetable Oil Blends: Evaluation of Performance and Emission Quality of Triple Blends on a Diesel Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-16, March.
    19. Boopathi, D. & Thiyagarajan, S. & Edwin Geo, V. & Madhankumar, S. & Gheith, R., 2018. "Effect of geraniol on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of CI engine fuelled with gutter oil obtained from different sources," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 391-401.
    20. Azad, A.K. & Rasul, M.G. & Khan, M.M.K. & Sharma, Subhash C. & Mofijur, M. & Bhuiya, M.M.K., 2016. "Prospects, feedstocks and challenges of biodiesel production from beauty leaf oil and castor oil: A nonedible oil sources in Australia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 302-318.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:196:y:2022:i:c:p:451-461. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/renewable-energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.