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Derivatisation-free characterisation and supercritical conversion of free fatty acids into biodiesel from high acid value waste cooking oil

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  • Aboelazayem, Omar
  • Gadalla, Mamdouh
  • Saha, Basudeb

Abstract

In this study, a simple and robust derivatisation-free method has been developed using a gas chromatograph (GC), which has been validated as a suitable analysis for free fatty acids (FFAs) of waste cooking oil (WCO). As biodiesel synthesis from high acid value WCO involves pre-treatment steps, a non-catalytic approach has been employed for biodiesel production. This work has focused on the esterification of FFAs of high acidity feedstock for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) production. The effect of four independent controllable factors, i.e. methanol to oil (M:O) molar ratio, temperature, pressure and time on FFAs conversion has been investigated. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) via Central Composite Design (CCD) has been implemented for designing experimental runs and optimising the process variables for maximum FFAs conversion. Four quadratic regression models have been developed representing empirical relationship between reaction variables and responses. The adequacy of the predicted models has been checked by numerous statistical validation techniques including analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level. The developed optimum conditions have been reported at 25:1, 256 °C, 110 bar and 16.6 min for M:O molar ratio, temperature, pressure and time, respectively. The predicted optimal conditions have been validated experimentally with 0.22% relative error.

Suggested Citation

  • Aboelazayem, Omar & Gadalla, Mamdouh & Saha, Basudeb, 2019. "Derivatisation-free characterisation and supercritical conversion of free fatty acids into biodiesel from high acid value waste cooking oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 77-90.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:143:y:2019:i:c:p:77-90
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.106
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Aboelazayem, Omar & Gadalla, Mamdouh & Saha, Basudeb, 2018. "Design and simulation of an integrated process for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using supercritical methanolysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 299-307.
    2. Aboelazayem, Omar & El-Gendy, Nour Sh. & Abdel-Rehim, Ahmed A. & Ashour, Fatma & Sadek, Mohamed A., 2018. "Biodiesel production from castor oil in Egypt: Process optimisation, kinetic study, diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 843-852.
    3. Suresh, M. & Jawahar, C.P. & Richard, Arun, 2018. "A review on biodiesel production, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of non-edible oils in variable compression ratio diesel engine using biodiesel and its blends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 38-49.
    4. Mardhiah, H. Haziratul & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Masjuki, H.H. & Lim, Steven & Lee, H.V., 2017. "A review on latest developments and future prospects of heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from non-edible oils," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 1225-1236.
    5. Aboelazayem, Omar & Gadalla, Mamdouh & Saha, Basudeb, 2018. "Valorisation of high acid value waste cooking oil into biodiesel using supercritical methanolysis: Experimental assessment and statistical optimisation on typical Egyptian feedstock," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 408-420.
    6. Sakdasri, Winatta & Sawangkeaw, Ruengwit & Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat, 2018. "Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from palm oil with supercritical methanol at a low molar ratio," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 144-153.
    7. Hasan, M.M. & Rahman, M.M., 2017. "Performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel–diesel blend and environmental and economic impacts of biodiesel production: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 938-948.
    8. Aboelazayem, Omar & Gadalla, Mamdouh & Saha, Basudeb, 2018. "Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil via supercritical methanol: Optimisation and reactor simulation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 144-154.
    9. Aghbashlo, Mortaza & Hosseinpour, Soleiman & Tabatabaei, Meisam & Dadak, Ali, 2017. "Fuzzy modeling and optimization of the synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) by a low power, high frequency piezo-ultrasonic reactor," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 65-78.
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    1. Omar Aboelazayem & Mamdouh Gadalla & Basudeb Saha, 2022. "Comprehensive Optimisation of Biodiesel Production Conditions via Supercritical Methanolysis of Waste Cooking Oil," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-22, May.
    2. Niu, Shengli & Zhang, Xiangyu & Ning, Yilin & Zhang, Yujiao & Qu, Tongxin & Hu, Xun & Gong, Zhiqiang & Lu, Chunmei, 2020. "Dolomite incorporated with cerium to enhance the stability in catalyzing transesterification for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 107-116.
    3. Yu, Hewei & Cao, Yunlong & Li, Heyao & Zhao, Gaiju & Zhang, Xingyu & Cheng, Shen & Wei, Wei, 2021. "An efficient heterogeneous acid catalyst derived from waste ginger straw for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 533-542.
    4. Aboelazayem, Omar & Gadalla, Mamdouh & Alhajri, Ibrahim & Saha, Basudeb, 2021. "Advanced process integration for supercritical production of biodiesel: Residual waste heat recovery via organic Rankine cycle (ORC)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 433-443.
    5. Umar, Yusuf & Velasco, Orlando & Abdelaziz, Omar Y. & Aboelazayem, Omar & Gadalla, Mamdouh A. & Hulteberg, Christian P. & Saha, Basudeb, 2022. "A renewable lignin-derived bio-oil for boosting the oxidation stability of biodiesel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 867-878.

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