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Metal hydrated-salts as efficient and reusable catalysts for pre-treating waste cooking oils and animal fats for an effective production of biodiesel

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  • di Bitonto, Luigi
  • Pastore, Carlo

Abstract

A very efficient chemical pre-treatment method that uses cheap and safe hydrated-salts as catalysts for the conversion of waste cooking oils and animal fats having a high Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) content into an oily feedstock convertible into biodiesel through a conventional route (basic catalysis) was investigated. These hydrated-salts allow FFAs to be efficiently (>99%) esterified with alcohols under very mild conditions (343 K, 2 h). At the end of this treatment, a very convenient separation of products was verified. Two different phases were eventually obtained: an upper alcoholic phase, which contains most of the unreacted alcohol, water obtained by direct-esterification (>95%), and the salt that was used as catalyst (recovery >99%); and a lower oily-phase mainly composed of glycerides, methyl-esters derived from direct-esterification of FFAs (residual acidity of about 0.8 mg KOH/g), and part of unreacted alcohol (7–10%wt). Such a separation was convenient because the oily-phase could be directly trans-esterified through conventional base-catalysis, without any further pre-treatments, thus avoiding production of salty-waste. Also, the alcoholic phase could be recovered and directly re-used for new pre-treatments cycles of fresh waste-oils. A final scheme of the proposed process was discussed and the relevant advantages with respect to conventional routes were highlighted.

Suggested Citation

  • di Bitonto, Luigi & Pastore, Carlo, 2019. "Metal hydrated-salts as efficient and reusable catalysts for pre-treating waste cooking oils and animal fats for an effective production of biodiesel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 1193-1200.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:143:y:2019:i:c:p:1193-1200
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.05.100
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    3. di Bitonto, Luigi & Locaputo, Vito & D'Ambrosio, Valeria & Pastore, Carlo, 2020. "Direct Lewis-Brønsted acid ethanolysis of sewage sludge for production of liquid fuels," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
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    5. Carlo Pastore & Valeria D’Ambrosio, 2021. "Intensification of Processes for the Production of Ethyl Levulinate Using AlCl 3 ·6H 2 O," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-11, February.
    6. Ella Cebisa Linganiso & Boitumelo Tlhaole & Lindokuhle Precious Magagula & Silas Dziike & Linda Zikhona Linganiso & Tshwafo Elias Motaung & Nosipho Moloto & Zikhona Nobuntu Tetana, 2022. "Biodiesel Production from Waste Oils: A South African Outlook," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-21, February.

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