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Optional contributions have positive effects for volunteering public goods games

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  • Song, Qi-Qing
  • Li, Zhen-Peng
  • Fu, Chang-He
  • Wang, Lai-Sheng

Abstract

Public goods (PG) games with the volunteering mechanism are referred to as volunteering public goods (VPG) games, in which loners are introduced to the PG games, and a loner obtains a constant payoff but not participating the game. Considering that small contributions may have positive effects to encourage more players with bounded rationality to contribute, this paper introduces optional contributions (high value or low value) to these typical VPG games—a cooperator can contribute a high or low payoff to the public pools. With the low contribution, the logit dynamics show that cooperation can be promoted in a well mixed population comparing to the typical VPG games, furthermore, as the multiplication factor is greater than a threshold, the average payoff of the population is also enhanced. In spatial VPG games, we introduce a new adjusting mechanism that is an approximation to best response. Some results in agreement with the prediction of the logit dynamics are found. These simulation results reveal that for VPG games the option of low contributions may be a better method to stimulate the growth of cooperation frequency and the average payoff of the population.

Suggested Citation

  • Song, Qi-Qing & Li, Zhen-Peng & Fu, Chang-He & Wang, Lai-Sheng, 2011. "Optional contributions have positive effects for volunteering public goods games," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 390(23), pages 4236-4243.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:phsmap:v:390:y:2011:i:23:p:4236-4243
    DOI: 10.1016/j.physa.2011.07.025
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Fudenberg, Drew & Levine, David, 1998. "Learning in games," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 42(3-5), pages 631-639, May.
    2. Drew Fudenberg & David K. Levine, 1998. "The Theory of Learning in Games," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262061945, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yang, Shi-Han & Song, Qi-Qing, 2018. "Group learning versus local learning: Which is prefer for public cooperation?," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 490(C), pages 1251-1258.
    2. Quan, Ji & Liu, Wei & Chu, Yuqing & Wang, Xianjia, 2018. "Stochastic dynamics and stable equilibrium of evolutionary optional public goods game in finite populations," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 502(C), pages 123-134.
    3. Tu, Jing, 2018. "Contribution inequality in the spatial public goods game: Should the rich contribute more?," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 496(C), pages 9-14.

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