IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/phsmap/v388y2009i4p433-440.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Detrended fluctuation analysis of intertrade durations

Author

Listed:
  • Jiang, Zhi-Qiang
  • Chen, Wei
  • Zhou, Wei-Xing

Abstract

The intraday pattern, long memory, and multifractal nature of the intertrade durations, which are defined as the waiting times between two consecutive transactions, are investigated based upon the limit order book data and order flows of 23 liquid Chinese stocks listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 2003. An inverse U-shaped intraday pattern in the intertrade durations with an abrupt drop in the first minute of the afternoon trading is observed. Based on a detrended fluctuation analysis, we find a crossover of power-law scaling behaviors for small box sizes (trade numbers in boxes) and large box sizes and strong evidence in favor of long memory in both regimes. In addition, the multifractal nature of intertrade durations in both regimes is confirmed by a multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis for individual stocks with a few exceptions in the small-duration regime. The intraday pattern has little influence on the long memory and multifractality.

Suggested Citation

  • Jiang, Zhi-Qiang & Chen, Wei & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2009. "Detrended fluctuation analysis of intertrade durations," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 388(4), pages 433-440.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:phsmap:v:388:y:2009:i:4:p:433-440
    DOI: 10.1016/j.physa.2008.10.028
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037843710800873X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only. Journal offers the option of making the article available online on Science direct for a fee of $3,000
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.physa.2008.10.028?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version below or search for a different version of it.

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gao-Feng Gu & Wei Chen & Wei-Xing Zhou, 2006. "Quantifying bid-ask spreads in the Chinese stock market using limit-order book data: Intraday pattern, probability distribution, long memory, and multifractal nature," Papers physics/0701017, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2007.
    2. Scalas, Enrico & Kaizoji, Taisei & Kirchler, Michael & Huber, Jürgen & Tedeschi, Alessandra, 2006. "Waiting times between orders and trades in double-auction markets," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 366(C), pages 463-471.
    3. Enrico Scalas & Rudolf Gorenflo & Hugh Luckock & Francesco Mainardi & Maurizio Mantelli & Marco Raberto, 2004. "Anomalous waiting times in high-frequency financial data," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 4(6), pages 695-702.
    4. Jiang, Zhi-Qiang & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2008. "Multifractal analysis of Chinese stock volatilities based on the partition function approach," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 387(19), pages 4881-4888.
    5. Scalas, Enrico, 2006. "The application of continuous-time random walks in finance and economics," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 362(2), pages 225-239.
    6. Christian Hafner, 2005. "Durations, volume and the prediction of financial returns in transaction time," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(2), pages 145-152.
    7. Stanislav Anatolyev & Dmitry Shakin, 2007. "Trade intensity in the Russian stock market: dynamics, distribution and determinants," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(2), pages 87-104.
    8. Plamen Ch. Ivanov & Ainslie Yuen & Boris Podobnik & Youngki Lee, 2004. "Common Scaling Patterns in Intertrade Times of U. S. Stocks," Papers cond-mat/0403662, arXiv.org.
    9. Bauwens, Luc & Veredas, David, 2004. "The stochastic conditional duration model: a latent variable model for the analysis of financial durations," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 119(2), pages 381-412, April.
    10. Jiang, Zhi-Qiang & Chen, Wei & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2008. "Scaling in the distribution of intertrade durations of Chinese stocks," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 387(23), pages 5818-5825.
    11. Z. Eisler & J. Kertész, 2006. "Size matters: some stylized facts of the stock market revisited," The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Springer;EDP Sciences, vol. 51(1), pages 145-154, May.
    12. Ainslie Yuen & Plamen Ch. Ivanov, 2005. "Impact of Stock Market Structure on Intertrade Time and Price Dynamics," Papers physics/0508203, arXiv.org.
    13. Kyungsik Kim & Seong-Min Yoon, 2002. "Dynamical Behavior of Continuous Tick Data in Futures Exchange Market," Papers cond-mat/0212393, arXiv.org.
    14. Sazuka, Naoya, 2007. "On the gap between an empirical distribution and an exponential distribution of waiting times for price changes in a financial market," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 376(C), pages 500-506.
    15. Scalas, Enrico & Gorenflo, Rudolf & Mainardi, Francesco, 2000. "Fractional calculus and continuous-time finance," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 284(1), pages 376-384.
    16. McInish, Thomas H & Wood, Robert A, 1992. "An Analysis of Intraday Patterns in Bid/Ask Spreads for NYSE Stocks," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 47(2), pages 753-764, June.
    17. Politi, Mauro & Scalas, Enrico, 2008. "Fitting the empirical distribution of intertrade durations," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 387(8), pages 2025-2034.
    18. Yoon, Seong-Min & Choi, J.S. & Christopher Lee, C. & Yum, Myung-Kul & Kim, Kyungsik, 2006. "Dynamical volatilities for yen–dollar exchange rates," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 359(C), pages 569-575.
    19. Zoltan Eisler & Janos Kertesz, 2005. "Size matters: some stylized facts of the stock market revisited," Papers physics/0508156, arXiv.org, revised May 2006.
    20. Andersen, Torben G. & Bollerslev, Tim, 1997. "Intraday periodicity and volatility persistence in financial markets," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 4(2-3), pages 115-158, June.
    21. Masoliver, Jaume & Montero, Miquel & Perello, Josep & Weiss, George H., 2006. "The continuous time random walk formalism in financial markets," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 61(4), pages 577-598, December.
    22. Engle, Robert F. & Russell, Jeffrey R., 1997. "Forecasting the frequency of changes in quoted foreign exchange prices with the autoregressive conditional duration model," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 4(2-3), pages 187-212, June.
    23. Robert F. Engle, 2000. "The Econometrics of Ultra-High Frequency Data," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 68(1), pages 1-22, January.
    24. Luc Bauwens & Pierre Giot, 2000. "The Logarithmic ACD Model: An Application to the Bid-Ask Quote Process of Three NYSE Stocks," Annals of Economics and Statistics, GENES, issue 60, pages 117-149.
    25. Raberto, Marco & Scalas, Enrico & Mainardi, Francesco, 2002. "Waiting-times and returns in high-frequency financial data: an empirical study," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 314(1), pages 749-755.
    26. repec:adr:anecst:y:2000:i:60:p:05 is not listed on IDEAS
    27. Cornett, Marcia Millon & Schwarz, Thomas V. & Szakmary, Andrew C., 1995. "Seasonalities and intraday return patterns in the foreign currency futures market," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 19(5), pages 843-869, August.
    28. Jiang, Zhi-Qiang & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2008. "Multifractality in stock indexes: Fact or Fiction?," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 387(14), pages 3605-3614.
    29. Politi, Mauro & Scalas, Enrico, 2007. "Activity spectrum from waiting-time distribution," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 383(1), pages 43-48.
    30. Anat R. Admati, Paul Pfleiderer, 1988. "A Theory of Intraday Patterns: Volume and Price Variability," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 1(1), pages 3-40.
    31. Chan, K C & Christie, William G & Schultz, Paul H, 1995. "Market Structure and the Intraday Pattern of Bid-Ask Spreads for NASDAQ Securities," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 68(1), pages 35-60, January.
    32. G.-F. Gu & W. Chen & W.-X. Zhou, 2007. "Quantifying bid-ask spreads in the Chinese stock market using limit-order book data," The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Springer;EDP Sciences, vol. 57(1), pages 81-87, May.
    33. BAUWENS, Luc & VEREDAS, David, 1999. "The stochastic conditional duration model: a latent factor model for the analysis of financial durations," LIDAM Discussion Papers CORE 1999058, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
    34. Z.-Q. Jiang & L. Guo & W.-X. Zhou, 2007. "Endogenous and exogenous dynamics in the fluctuations of capital fluxes," The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Springer;EDP Sciences, vol. 57(3), pages 347-355, June.
    35. Robert F. Engle & Jeffrey R. Russell, 1998. "Autoregressive Conditional Duration: A New Model for Irregularly Spaced Transaction Data," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 66(5), pages 1127-1162, September.
    36. Oświe¸cimka, P. & Kwapień, J. & Drożdż, S., 2005. "Multifractality in the stock market: price increments versus waiting times," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 347(C), pages 626-638.
    37. Mainardi, Francesco & Raberto, Marco & Gorenflo, Rudolf & Scalas, Enrico, 2000. "Fractional calculus and continuous-time finance II: the waiting-time distribution," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 287(3), pages 468-481.
    38. Zhang, Michael Yuanjie & Russell, Jeffrey R. & Tsay, Ruey S., 2001. "A nonlinear autoregressive conditional duration model with applications to financial transaction data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 104(1), pages 179-207, August.
    39. D. Brockmann & L. Hufnagel & T. Geisel, 2006. "The scaling laws of human travel," Nature, Nature, vol. 439(7075), pages 462-465, January.
    40. Zhi-Qiang Jiang & Liang Guo & Wei-Xing Zhou, 2007. "Endogenous and exogenous dynamics in the fluctuations of capital fluxes: An empirical analysis of the Chinese stock market," Papers physics/0702035, arXiv.org.
    41. Jiang, Zhi-Qiang & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2007. "Scale invariant distribution and multifractality of volatility multipliers in stock markets," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 381(C), pages 343-350.
    42. Kantelhardt, Jan W & Koscielny-Bunde, Eva & Rego, Henio H.A & Havlin, Shlomo & Bunde, Armin, 2001. "Detecting long-range correlations with detrended fluctuation analysis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 295(3), pages 441-454.
    43. Jain, Prem C. & Joh, Gun-Ho, 1988. "The Dependence between Hourly Prices and Trading Volume," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 23(3), pages 269-283, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Yuan, Ying & Zhuang, Xin-tian & Jin, Xiu & Huang, Wei-qiang, 2014. "Stable distribution and long-range correlation of Brent crude oil market," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 413(C), pages 173-179.
    2. Teng, Yue & Shang, Pengjian, 2018. "Detrended fluctuation analysis based on higher-order moments of financial time series," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 490(C), pages 311-322.
    3. Perini de Souza, Noéle Bissoli & Cardoso dos Santos, José Vicente & Sperandio Nascimento, Erick Giovani & Bandeira Santos, Alex Alisson & Moreira, Davidson Martins, 2022. "Long-range correlations of the wind speed in a northeast region of Brazil," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    4. Ruan, Qingsong & Yang, Bingchan, 2017. "The effects of common risk factors on stock returns: A detrended cross-correlation analysis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 483(C), pages 362-374.
    5. Zhou, Weijie & Dang, Yaoguo & Gu, Rongbao, 2013. "Efficiency and multifractality analysis of CSI 300 based on multifractal detrending moving average algorithm," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 392(6), pages 1429-1438.
    6. Du, Bian & Zhu, Hongliang & Zhao, Jingdong, 2016. "Optimal execution in high-frequency trading with Bayesian learning," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 461(C), pages 767-777.
    7. Ruan, Qingsong & Yang, Bingchan & Ma, Guofeng, 2017. "Detrended cross-correlation analysis on RMB exchange rate and Hang Seng China Enterprises Index," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 468(C), pages 91-108.
    8. Martin Magris & Jiyeong Kim & Esa Rasanen & Juho Kanniainen, 2017. "Long-range Auto-correlations in Limit Order Book Markets: Inter- and Cross-event Analysis," Papers 1711.03534, arXiv.org.
    9. Chen, Hongtao & Wu, Chongfeng, 2011. "Forecasting volatility in Shanghai and Shenzhen markets based on multifractal analysis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 390(16), pages 2926-2935.
    10. Wang, Yudong & Wu, Chongfeng & Pan, Zhiyuan, 2011. "Multifractal detrending moving average analysis on the US Dollar exchange rates," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 390(20), pages 3512-3523.
    11. Wang, Yudong & Wei, Yu & Wu, Chongfeng, 2011. "Detrended fluctuation analysis on spot and futures markets of West Texas Intermediate crude oil," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 390(5), pages 864-875.
    12. Hai-Chuan Xu & Wei-Xing Zhou, 2020. "Modeling aggressive market order placements with Hawkes factor models," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(1), pages 1-12, January.
    13. Jiang, Zhi-Qiang & Ren, Fei & Gu, Gao-Feng & Tan, Qun-Zhao & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2010. "Statistical properties of online avatar numbers in a massive multiplayer online role-playing game," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 389(4), pages 807-814.
    14. Plamen Ch Ivanov & Ainslie Yuen & Pandelis Perakakis, 2014. "Impact of Stock Market Structure on Intertrade Time and Price Dynamics," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(4), pages 1-14, April.
    15. Ni, Xiao-Hui & Jiang, Zhi-Qiang & Gu, Gao-Feng & Ren, Fei & Chen, Wei & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2010. "Scaling and memory in the non-Poisson process of limit order cancelation," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 389(14), pages 2751-2761.
    16. Ruan, Yong-Ping & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2011. "Long-term correlations and multifractal nature in the intertrade durations of a liquid Chinese stock and its warrant," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 390(9), pages 1646-1654.
    17. Huang, Alex YiHou & Hu, Wen-Cheng, 2012. "Regime switching dynamics in credit default swaps: Evidence from smooth transition autoregressive model," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 391(4), pages 1497-1508.
    18. Lee, Min-Jae & Choi, Sun-Yong, 2024. "Insights into the dynamics of market efficiency spillover of financial assets in different equity markets," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 641(C).
    19. Zhang, Ting & Gu, Gao-Feng & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2019. "Order imbalances and market efficiency: New evidence from the Chinese stock market," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 458-467.
    20. Ruan, Qingsong & Yang, Bingchan & Ma, Guofeng, 2018. "The impact of executive anticipated regret on the choice of incentive system: An econophysics perspective," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 506(C), pages 1006-1015.
    21. Choi, Sun-Yong, 2021. "Analysis of stock market efficiency during crisis periods in the US stock market: Differences between the global financial crisis and COVID-19 pandemic," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 574(C).
    22. V. Filimonov & D. Sornette, 2015. "Apparent criticality and calibration issues in the Hawkes self-excited point process model: application to high-frequency financial data," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(8), pages 1293-1314, August.
    23. Santos, J.V.C. & Moreira, D.M. & Moret, M.A. & Nascimento, E.G.S., 2019. "Analysis of long-range correlations of wind speed in different regions of Bahia and the Abrolhos Archipelago, Brazil," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 680-687.
    24. Yang, Yan-Hong & Shao, Ying-Hui & Shao, Hao-Lin & Stanley, H. Eugene, 2019. "Revisiting the weak-form efficiency of the EUR/CHF exchange rate market: Evidence from episodes of different Swiss franc regimes," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 523(C), pages 734-746.
    25. R. P. Datta, 2023. "Analysis of Indian foreign exchange markets: A Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MFDFA) approach," Papers 2306.16162, arXiv.org.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jiang, Zhi-Qiang & Chen, Wei & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2008. "Scaling in the distribution of intertrade durations of Chinese stocks," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 387(23), pages 5818-5825.
    2. Ruan, Yong-Ping & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2011. "Long-term correlations and multifractal nature in the intertrade durations of a liquid Chinese stock and its warrant," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 390(9), pages 1646-1654.
    3. Ni, Xiao-Hui & Jiang, Zhi-Qiang & Gu, Gao-Feng & Ren, Fei & Chen, Wei & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2010. "Scaling and memory in the non-Poisson process of limit order cancelation," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 389(14), pages 2751-2761.
    4. Ponta, Linda & Trinh, Mailan & Raberto, Marco & Scalas, Enrico & Cincotti, Silvano, 2019. "Modeling non-stationarities in high-frequency financial time series," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 521(C), pages 173-196.
    5. Plamen Ch Ivanov & Ainslie Yuen & Pandelis Perakakis, 2014. "Impact of Stock Market Structure on Intertrade Time and Price Dynamics," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(4), pages 1-14, April.
    6. Xiufeng Yan, 2021. "Autoregressive conditional duration modelling of high frequency data," Papers 2111.02300, arXiv.org.
    7. Scalas, Enrico, 2006. "The application of continuous-time random walks in finance and economics," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 362(2), pages 225-239.
    8. Enrico Scalas, 2006. "Five Years of Continuous-time Random Walks in Econophysics," Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, in: Akira Namatame & Taisei Kaizouji & Yuuji Aruka (ed.), The Complex Networks of Economic Interactions, pages 3-16, Springer.
    9. Xiufeng Yan, 2021. "Multiplicative Component GARCH Model of Intraday Volatility," Papers 2111.02376, arXiv.org.
    10. Fernandes, Marcelo & Grammig, Joachim, 2005. "Nonparametric specification tests for conditional duration models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 127(1), pages 35-68, July.
    11. Scalas, Enrico, 2007. "Mixtures of compound Poisson processes as models of tick-by-tick financial data," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 33-40.
    12. Dungey, Mardi & Henry, Olan & McKenzie, Michael, 2010. "From Trade-to-Trade in US Treasuries," Working Papers 10446, University of Tasmania, Tasmanian School of Business and Economics, revised 01 May 2010.
    13. Detlef Seese & Christof Weinhardt & Frank Schlottmann (ed.), 2008. "Handbook on Information Technology in Finance," International Handbooks on Information Systems, Springer, number 978-3-540-49487-4, September.
    14. Roman Huptas, 2014. "Bayesian Estimation and Prediction for ACD Models in the Analysis of Trade Durations from the Polish Stock Market," Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics, Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics, vol. 6(4), pages 237-273, December.
    15. Magdalena Osinska & Andrzej Dobrzynski & Yochanan Shachmurove, 2016. "Performance Of American And Russian Joint Stock Companies On Financial Market. A Microstructure Perspective," Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 11(4), pages 819-851, December.
    16. repec:bla:jecsur:v:22:y:2008:i:4:p:711-751 is not listed on IDEAS
    17. Jiang, Zhi-Qiang & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2008. "Multifractal analysis of Chinese stock volatilities based on the partition function approach," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 387(19), pages 4881-4888.
    18. Ren, Fei & Gu, Gao-Feng & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2009. "Scaling and memory in the return intervals of realized volatility," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 388(22), pages 4787-4796.
    19. Gerhard, Frank & Hautsch, Nikolaus, 2002. "Volatility estimation on the basis of price intensities," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 57-89, January.
    20. Ren, Fei & Guo, Liang & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2009. "Statistical properties of volatility return intervals of Chinese stocks," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 388(6), pages 881-890.
    21. Sazuka, Naoya & Inoue, Jun-ichi & Scalas, Enrico, 2009. "The distribution of first-passage times and durations in FOREX and future markets," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 388(14), pages 2839-2853.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:phsmap:v:388:y:2009:i:4:p:433-440. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/physica-a-statistical-mechpplications/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.