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Time use, travel behavior, and the rural–urban continuum: results from the Halifax STAR project

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  • Millward, Hugh
  • Spinney, Jamie

Abstract

This paper considers variations in time-related aspects of travel behavior along the urban–rural continuum, using the four categories of inner city, suburbs, inner commuter belt (ICB), and outer commuter belt (OCB). It employs geo-coded and GPS-validated data from the STAR survey conducted in the county-sized regional municipality of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Many significant inter-zonal differences are identified, and most travel variables are characterized by progressive urban-to-rural gradients, with large differences between inner-city and outer-commuter values. A clear break between city and country is seldom evident, however. Inner-city residents make most trips, but have trips of shortest duration, and spend least time in travel. Residents of the commuter belts spend most time in travel, and have trips of longest duration. While long trips and much driving were expected in commuter zones, there are significantly fewer trips in the OCB, which we attribute to lack of need, lack of opportunities, and adjustments in discretionary behavior.

Suggested Citation

  • Millward, Hugh & Spinney, Jamie, 2011. "Time use, travel behavior, and the rural–urban continuum: results from the Halifax STAR project," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 19(1), pages 51-58.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jotrge:v:19:y:2011:i:1:p:51-58
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.12.005
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    2. Houston, Douglas & Ong, Paul & Jaimes, Guillermo & Winer, Arthur, 2011. "Traffic exposure near the Los Angeles–Long Beach port complex: using GPS-enhanced tracking to assess the implications of unreported travel and locations," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 19(6), pages 1399-1409.
    3. Chunfang Liu & Bin Yu & Yue Zhu & Licheng Liu & Pengjie Li, 2019. "Measurement of Rural Residents’ Mobility in Western China: A Case Study of Qingyang, Gansu Province," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-21, April.
    4. Jiaxiang Wang & Fanqi Meng & Li Dong & Shiwei Yu & Yu Zhang, 2023. "A Comparative Study on the Identification Methods of Urban–Rural Integration Zones from the Perspective of Symbiosis Theory and Urban Expansion Theory," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-23, June.
    5. Dalumpines, Ron & Scott, Darren M., 2017. "Determinants of route choice behavior: A comparison of shop versus work trips using the Potential Path Area - Gateway (PPAG) algorithm and Path-Size Logit," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 59-68.
    6. Zhao, Pengjun & Yu, Zhao, 2021. "Rural poverty and mobility in China: A national-level survey," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    7. Zhao, Pengjun & Wan, Jie, 2021. "Land use and travel burden of residents in urban fringe and rural areas: An evaluation of urban-rural integration initiatives in Beijing," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    8. Hook, Hannah & De Vos, Jonas & Van Acker, Veronique & Witlox, Frank, 2021. "Do travel options influence how commute time satisfaction relates to the residential built environment?," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    9. Mohammad Hesam Hafezi & Lei Liu & Hugh Millward, 2019. "A time-use activity-pattern recognition model for activity-based travel demand modeling," Transportation, Springer, vol. 46(4), pages 1369-1394, August.
    10. Ron Dalumpines & Darren M. Scott, 2017. "Making mode detection transferable: extracting activity and travel episodes from GPS data using the multinomial logit model and Python," Transportation Planning and Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(5), pages 523-539, July.
    11. Patterson, Zachary & Saddier, Simon & Rezaei, Ali & Manaugh, Kevin, 2014. "Use of the Urban Core Index to analyze residential mobility: the case of seniors in Canadian metropolitan regions," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 116-125.
    12. Yi Zhao & Daming Lu & Pu Zhao & Senkai Xie & Wenjia Zhang, 2023. "Impact of Administrative Division and Regional Accessibility on Rural Mobility in the Pearl River Delta: Evidence from Cellphone Big Data," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-16, April.
    13. Andrew Clark & Darren Scott & Nikolaos Yiannakoulias, 2014. "Examining the relationship between active travel, weather, and the built environment: a multilevel approach using a GPS-enhanced dataset," Transportation, Springer, vol. 41(2), pages 325-338, March.
    14. Poorthuis, Ate & Zook, Matthew, 2023. "Moving the 15-minute city beyond the urban core: The role of accessibility and public transport in the Netherlands," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    15. Chandrasekhar, S & Sharma, Ajay & Mishra, Sumit, 2017. "Transport Mode Choice for Commuting: Evidence from India," SocArXiv qh8m5, Center for Open Science.
    16. Millward, Hugh & Spinney, Jamie & Scott, Darren, 2013. "Active-transport walking behavior: destinations, durations, distances," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 101-110.
    17. Xuesong Gao & Lun Liu & Dinghua Ou & Haomiao Yuwu, 2023. "Using mobile phone data to probe the mobility‐related well‐being of rural residents: A case study of Chengdu, China," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(9), pages 1893-1906, December.
    18. Wilson, Jeffrey & Spinney, Jamie & Millward, Hugh & Scott, Darren & Hayden, Anders & Tyedmers, Peter, 2013. "Blame the exurbs, not the suburbs: Exploring the distribution of greenhouse gas emissions within a city region," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 1329-1335.
    19. Huang, Xiaoyan & Xia, Yifan & Yin, Chun, 2024. "Associations between the built environment and travel to higher-order centers in Chinese rural areas," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    20. Houston, Douglas & Ong, Paul & Jaimes, Guillermo & Winer, Arthur, 2011. "Traffic exposure near the Los Angeles-Long Beach port complex: using GPS-enhanced tracking to assess the implications of unreported travel and locations," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt17w613sw, University of California Transportation Center.
    21. Spinney, Jamie E.L. & Newbold, K. Bruce & Scott, Darren M. & Vrkljan, Brenda & Grenier, Amanda, 2020. "The impact of driving status on out-of-home and social activity engagement among older Canadians," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    22. Zhao, Pengjun & Yu, Zhao, 2020. "Investigating mobility in rural areas of China: Features, equity, and factors," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 66-77.
    23. Andrew Clark & Darren Scott, 2014. "Understanding the Impact of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem on the Relationship between Active Travel and the Built Environment," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 51(2), pages 284-299, February.

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