IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/joreco/v60y2021ics0969698921000126.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Protective measures against COVID-19 and the business strategies of the retail enterprises: Differences in gender, age, education, and income among shoppers

Author

Listed:
  • Untaru, Elena-Nicoleta
  • Han, Heesup

Abstract

The present study sought to develop a conceptual framework to explain the influence of protective measures adopted by the retail enterprises against the COVID-19 virus on customers’ attitudes toward these measures, and the safety during the shopping experience, as well as the satisfaction with these types of protective measures and behavioral intentions. A structural equation modeling and metric invariance test were used as the data analysis technique. Our results revealed that the protective measures against the COVID-19 virus significantly and positively influenced customer safety during shopping, the attitudes and satisfaction, which contribute to an increase of their behavioral intentions as a result. The mediating role of attitudes and safety was also uncovered. In addition, our findings from the metric invariance test indicated that gender, age, education, and income significantly moderated the relationships among the studied constructs. Our results can help retail practitioners and researchers develop a strategy to effectively implement protective measures against COVID-19 in the retail enterprises.

Suggested Citation

  • Untaru, Elena-Nicoleta & Han, Heesup, 2021. "Protective measures against COVID-19 and the business strategies of the retail enterprises: Differences in gender, age, education, and income among shoppers," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:joreco:v:60:y:2021:i:c:s0969698921000126
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102446
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969698921000126
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102446?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kristie M. Engemann & Howard J. Wall, 2010. "The effects of recessions across demographic groups," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, vol. 92(Jan), pages 1-26.
    2. Prentice, Catherine & Chen, Jinyan & Stantic, Bela, 2020. "Timed intervention in COVID-19 and panic buying," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    3. Ajzen, Icek, 1991. "The theory of planned behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 179-211, December.
    4. Nabil Tamimi & Rose Sebastianelli, 2007. "Understanding eTrust," Journal of Information Privacy and Security, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 3(2), pages 3-17, April.
    5. Laato, Samuli & Islam, A.K.M. Najmul & Farooq, Ali & Dhir, Amandeep, 2020. "Unusual purchasing behavior during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: The stimulus-organism-response approach," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    6. Michele Belot & Syngjoo Choi & Egon Tripodi & Eline van den Broek-Altenburg & Julian C. Jamison & Nicholas W. Papageorge, 2020. "Unequal Consequences of Covid 19 across Age and Income: Representative Evidence from Six Countries," Working Paper Series no135, Institute of Economic Research, Seoul National University.
    7. Joseph Kaswengi & Mbaye Fall Diallo, 2015. "Consumer choice of store brands across store formats: A panel data analysis under crisis periods," Post-Print hal-01743958, HAL.
    8. Page, Lionel & Savage, David A. & Torgler, Benno, 2014. "Variation in risk seeking behaviour following large losses: A natural experiment," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 121-131.
    9. Han, Heesup & Hsu, Li-Tzang (Jane) & Sheu, Chwen, 2010. "Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to green hotel choice: Testing the effect of environmental friendly activities," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 325-334.
    10. Karpinska-Krakowiak, Malgorzata, 2021. "Women are more likely to buy unknown brands than men: The effects of gender and known versus unknown brands on purchase intentions," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    11. Lisa Cameron & Manisha Shah, 2015. "Risk-Taking Behavior in the Wake of Natural Disasters," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 50(2), pages 484-515.
    12. Darley, William K. & Luethge, Denise J., 2019. "Service value and retention: Does gender matter?," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 178-185.
    13. Han, Heesup & Meng, Bo & Kim, Wansoo, 2017. "Bike-traveling as a growing phenomenon: Role of attributes, value, satisfaction, desire, and gender in developing loyalty," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 91-103.
    14. Rahmiye Figen Ceylan & Burhan Ozkan & Esra Mulazimogullari, 2020. "Historical evidence for economic effects of COVID-19," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 21(6), pages 817-823, August.
    15. Khan, Imran & Hollebeek, Linda D. & Fatma, Mobin & Islam, Jamid Ul & Riivits-Arkonsuo, Iivi, 2020. "Customer experience and commitment in retailing: Does customer age matter?," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    16. Cai, Yuanfeng & Shannon, Randall, 2012. "Personal values and mall shopping behavior: The mediating role of attitude and intention among Chinese and Thai consumers," Australasian marketing journal, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 37-47.
    17. Ji Cheng Zhu & Ramakrishnan Ramanathan & Usha Ramanathan, 2011. "Measuring Service Quality using SERVQUAL and AHP: an application to a Chinese IT company and comparison," International Journal of Services and Operations Management, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 8(4), pages 418-432.
    18. Naeem, Muhammad, 2021. "Do social media platforms develop consumer panic buying during the fear of Covid-19 pandemic," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    19. Prince Clement Addo & Fang Jiaming & Nora Bakabbey Kulbo & Li Liangqiang, 2020. "COVID-19: fear appeal favoring purchase behavior towards personal protective equipment," The Service Industries Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(7-8), pages 471-490, June.
    20. Hsin Chang & Don Jeng & Mohamad Hamid, 2013. "Conceptualising consumers’ word-of-mouth behaviour intention: evidence from a university education services in Malaysia," Service Business, Springer;Pan-Pacific Business Association, vol. 7(1), pages 17-35, March.
    21. Kaswengi, Joseph & Diallo, Mbaye Fall, 2015. "Consumer choice of store brands across store formats: A panel data analysis under crisis periods," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 70-76.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Miguel Orden-Mejía & Mauricio Carvache-Franco & Assumpció Huertas & Wilmer Carvache-Franco & Nathalie Landeta-Bejarano & Orly Carvache-Franco, 2022. "Post-COVID-19 Tourists’ Preferences, Attitudes and Travel Expectations: A Study in Guayaquil, Ecuador," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-17, April.
    2. Cambra-Fierro, Jesús & Fuentes-Blasco, María & Gao, Lily Xuehui & Melero-Polo, Iguácel & Trifu, Andreea, 2022. "The influence of communication in destination imagery during COVID-19," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    3. Mostafa Ghodsi & Mahdad Pourmadadkar & Ali Ardestani & Seyednaser Ghadamgahi & Hao Yang, 2022. "Understanding the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Online Shopping and Travel Behaviour: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-18, October.
    4. Wei Quan & Jichul Jang & Aleksandar Radic & Antonio Ariza-Montes & Heesup Han, 2023. "Safe Destination Choice Among Tourism-Product Consumers in the New Era of Tourism," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(4), pages 21582440231, October.
    5. Ziad H. Abdelmoety & Hawazen Alamoudi & Majed Alharthi & Nora Sharkasi & Gomaa Agag, 2022. "Ensuring a Sustainable Hospitality and Tourism Industry in the COVID-19 Era: Using an Open Market Valuation Technique," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-11, October.
    6. Park, JungKun & Hong, EunPyo & Ahn, Jiseon & Hyun, Hyowon, 2023. "Role of multidimensional customer brand engagement on customer behavior for online grocery shopping," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    7. Elena B. Zavyalova & Vera A. Volokhina & Marija A. Troyanskaya & Yulia I. Dubova, 2023. "A humanistic model of corporate social responsibility in e-commerce with high-tech support in the artificial intelligence economy," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-10, December.
    8. Perić Goran & Dramićanin Sandra & Sekulić Dejan, 2022. "Protective Measures Against COVID-19 and their Impact on Guest Satisfaction and Behaviour Intentions: The Case of the Hotel Industry of Serbia," Economic Themes, Sciendo, vol. 60(4), pages 533-549, December.
    9. Mostafa Ghodsi & Ali Ardestani & Arash Rasaizadi & Seyednaser Ghadamgahi & Hao Yang, 2021. "How COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Urban Trips? Structural Interpretive Model of Online Shopping and Passengers Trips during the Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-15, October.
    10. Kim, Jinkyung Jenny & Han, Heesup & Ariza-Montes, Antonio, 2021. "The impact of hotel attributes, well-being perception, and attitudes on brand loyalty: Examining the moderating role of COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    11. Söderlund, Magnus, 2023. "Moderator variables in consumer research: A call for caution," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    12. Yang, Seungmi & Kwon, Youngsun, 2022. "Effects of mobile networks and Covid-19 on mobile shopping sales in South Korea," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(9).
    13. Katarzyna Schmidt-Jessa & Maciej Stradomski, 2023. "Consumer awareness and acceptance of digital-only banks," Bank i Kredyt, Narodowy Bank Polski, vol. 54(4), pages 389-418.
    14. Chen, Di & Wang, Chunyan & Liu, Yi, 2023. "How household food shopping behaviors changed during COVID-19 lockdown period: Evidence from Beijing, China," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    15. Loh, Xiu-Ming & Lee, Voon-Hsien & Leong, Lai-Ying & Aw, Eugene Cheng-Xi & Cham, Tat-Huei & Tang, Yun-Chia & Hew, Jun-Jie, 2023. "Understanding consumers’ resistance to pay with cryptocurrency in the sharing economy: A hybrid SEM-fsQCA approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    16. Ashraf Mishrif & Asharul Khan, 2023. "Technology adoption as survival strategy for small and medium enterprises during COVID-19," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 1-23, December.
    17. Xu, Yingzi & Ling, I-Ling, 2023. "Effects of face masks and photo tags on nonverbal communication in service encounters," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Park, Inyoung & Lee, Jieon & Lee, Daeho & Lee, Changjun & Chung, Won Young, 2022. "Changes in consumption patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analyzing the revenge spending motivations of different emotional groups," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    2. Cruz-Cárdenas, Jorge & Zabelina, Ekaterina & Guadalupe-Lanas, Jorge & Palacio-Fierro, Andrés & Ramos-Galarza, Carlos, 2021. "COVID-19, consumer behavior, technology, and society: A literature review and bibliometric analysis," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    3. Králiková Andrea & Ryglová Kateřina & Zámečník Silvie, 2022. "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the hotel strategy: Introductory assessment," Czech Journal of Tourism, Sciendo, vol. 11(1-2), pages 1-13, December.
    4. Mostafa Ghodsi & Ali Ardestani & Arash Rasaizadi & Seyednaser Ghadamgahi & Hao Yang, 2021. "How COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Urban Trips? Structural Interpretive Model of Online Shopping and Passengers Trips during the Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-15, October.
    5. Cheng Liu & Cheuk-Kwan Sun & Yu-Chia Chang & Shang-Yu Yang & Tao Liu & Cheng-Chia Yang, 2021. "The Impact of the Fear of COVID-19 on Purchase Behavior of Dietary Supplements: Integration of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Protection Motivation Theory," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-17, November.
    6. Mohammed Anam Akhtar & Khurram Ajaz Khan & Hung Cuong Hoang, 2023. "Role of Social Networking Sites in Financial Product Choice: An Investigation Through the Theory of Planned Behavior," Business Perspectives and Research, , vol. 11(1), pages 44-62, January.
    7. Meng, Jie & Chen, Kai, 2024. "Rethinking preemptive consumption: Building mechanisms of reciprocity, contextuality, and risk hedging across scenarios," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    8. Jiang, Yi & Wang, Xueqin & Yuen, Kum Fai, 2021. "Augmented reality shopping application usage: The influence of attitude, value, and characteristics of innovation," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    9. Jessica Müller & Ángel Acevedo-Duque & Sheyla Müller & Prateek Kalia & Khalid Mehmood, 2021. "Predictive Sustainability Model Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior Incorporating Ecological Conscience and Moral Obligation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-16, April.
    10. Guthrie, Cameron & Fosso-Wamba, Samuel & Arnaud, Jean Brice, 2021. "Online consumer resilience during a pandemic: An exploratory study of e-commerce behavior before, during and after a COVID-19 lockdown," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    11. Sarraf, Shagun & Kushwaha, Amit Kumar & Kar, Arpan Kumar & Dwivedi, Yogesh K. & Giannakis, Mihalis, 2024. "How did online misinformation impact stockouts in the e-commerce supply chain during COVID-19 – A mixed methods study," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    12. Katarina Valaskova & Pavol Durana & Peter Adamko, 2021. "Changes in Consumers’ Purchase Patterns as a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(15), pages 1-17, July.
    13. Tran, Lobel Trong Thuy, 2021. "Managing the effectiveness of e-commerce platforms in a pandemic," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    14. Sejin Ha & Michelle Childs & Christopher T. Sneed & Ann Berry, 2021. "Consumer Sustainable Shopping Practices for Small Business during COVID-19," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-19, November.
    15. Pan, Xiaodan & Dresner, Martin & Li, Guang & Mantin, Benny, 2024. "Stocking up on hand sanitizer: Pandemic lessons for retailers and consumers," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    16. Chen, Tinggui & Jin, Yumei & Yang, Jianjun & Cong, Guodong, 2022. "Identifying emergence process of group panic buying behavior under the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    17. Shan, Haiyan & Pi, Wenjie, 2023. "Mitigating panic buying behavior in the epidemic: An evolutionary game perspective," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    18. Yuen, Kum Fai & Tan, Lydia Sonia & Wong, Yiik Diew & Wang, Xueqin, 2022. "Social determinants of panic buying behaviour amidst COVID-19 pandemic: The role of perceived scarcity and anticipated regret," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    19. Sit, Kokho Jason & Ballantyne, Erica E.F. & Gorst, Jonathan, 2022. "Profiling shoppers’ coping behaviours during a pandemic crisis: A regulatory focus perspective," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    20. Goytom Abraha Kahsay & Daniel Osberghaus, 2018. "Storm Damage and Risk Preferences: Panel Evidence from Germany," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 71(1), pages 301-318, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:joreco:v:60:y:2021:i:c:s0969698921000126. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-retailing-and-consumer-services .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.