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Sex differences in non-verbal and verbal abilities in childhood and adolescence

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  • Toivainen, Teemu
  • Papageorgiou, Kostas A.
  • Tosto, Maria G.
  • Kovas, Yulia

Abstract

Twin research has shown that females with male co-twins perform better than females with female co-twins on mental rotation. This beneficial effect of having a male sibling on spatial ability could be due to in-uterine transmission of testosterone from males to females (the Twin Testosterone Transfer hypothesis, TTT). The present study explored sex differences and the TTT in non-verbal and verbal abilities in a large sample of twins assessed longitudinally at 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14 and 16years of age. Females scored significantly higher than males on both verbal and non-verbal abilities at ages 2, 3 and 4. Males scored significantly higher than females on verbal ability at ages 10 and 12. The effect sizes of all differences were very small. No sex differences in non-verbal or verbal abilities were found at 7, 9, 14 and 16years of age. No support for the TTT was found at any age. The findings indicate that the twin testosterone transfer effect occurs only for specific cognitive abilities, such as mental rotation.

Suggested Citation

  • Toivainen, Teemu & Papageorgiou, Kostas A. & Tosto, Maria G. & Kovas, Yulia, 2017. "Sex differences in non-verbal and verbal abilities in childhood and adolescence," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 81-88.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:intell:v:64:y:2017:i:c:p:81-88
    DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.07.007
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gijsbert Stoet & David C Geary, 2013. "Sex Differences in Mathematics and Reading Achievement Are Inversely Related: Within- and Across-Nation Assessment of 10 Years of PISA Data," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(3), pages 1-10, March.
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    2. Pedro Gil Madrona & Sonia J. Romero Martínez & Nieves María Sáez-Gallego & Xavier G. Ordóñez Camacho, 2019. "Psychomotor Limitations of Overweight and Obese Five-Year-Old Children: Influence of Body Mass Indices on Motor, Perceptual, and Social-Emotional Skills," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-19, February.

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