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Private Subtractory Tutoring: The Negative Impact of Shadow Education on Public Schooling in Myanmar

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  • Liu, Junyan
  • Bray, Mark

Abstract

An expanding literature focuses on the so-called shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring, and contributes to understandings of the nexus between in-school and out-of-school learning. This paper, contextualised in broader literature, draws on questionnaire and interview data from students, teachers, principals, parents and other stakeholders in Myanmar, and observes that shadow education may subtract as well as supplement. For some decades, public education in Myanmar has suffered from financial stringency, large classes, and overloaded curriculum. Students and their families have sought private tutoring, particularly from public school teachers, to supplement school education; and teachers and other providers have welcomed the revenue that they can earn. As a result, private tutoring has become embedded in the lives of many students and teachers, and has consumed time and energy supposed to be spent on school education. However, the private tutoring has also helped to keep the school system running.

Suggested Citation

  • Liu, Junyan & Bray, Mark, 2020. "Private Subtractory Tutoring: The Negative Impact of Shadow Education on Public Schooling in Myanmar," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:injoed:v:76:y:2020:i:c:s0738059320303722
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102213
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    7. Yung, Kevin Wai-Ho, 2020. "Comparing the effectiveness of cram school tutors and schoolteachers: A critical analysis of students’ perceptions," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    8. Hai-Anh Dang & F. Halsey Rogers, 2008. "The Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring: Does It Deepen Human Capital, Widen Inequalities, or Waste Resources?," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 23(2), pages 161-200, April.
    9. Bhorkar, Shalini & Bray, Mark, 2018. "The expansion and roles of private tutoring in India: From supplementation to supplantation," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 148-156.
    10. Bray, Mark & Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa & Liu, Junyan & Zhang, Wei, 2016. "The internal dynamics of privatised public education: Fee-charging supplementary tutoring provided by teachers in Cambodia," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 291-299.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Šťastný, Vít & Chvál, Martin, 2023. "Different subjects, different incentives: Private tutoring and perceived instructional quality in Czech lower-secondary schools," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    3. Reem Khalid Abu-Shawish, 2023. "Students’ Perspectives on the Factors That Influence the Use of Private Tutoring Usage in Qatar," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(4), pages 21582440231, November.
    4. Gábor Halász & Khin Khin Thant Sin, 2023. "Using school–university partnerships as a development tool in low‐income countries: The case of Myanmar," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 35(6), pages 1389-1406, August.

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