It’s our turn (not) to learn: The pitfalls of education reform during post-war institutional transformation in Burundi

In this study, we investigate the relationship between education reform, institutional legacies of inequality, and changing political institutions in a poor, conflict-affected country. Burundi experienced a dramatic change in ethnic and regional power relations after the 1993–2005 civil war. The post-war government prioritized education to previously marginalized regions, both in access and in attainment. Moreover, they needed and wanted to deliver on wartime and election promises after the 2010 elections. We leverage test score data from four nationwide exams in primary and secondary education from 2006 to 2012. Our difference-in-differences analysis shows a dramatic shift in test scores, with the schools in the north of the country, deprived before the civil war, outperforming schools in the south. Results are robust across datasets. We derive policy implications for understanding how post-conflict governments can build inclusive institutions through education after conflict, and how governments can overcome institutional legacies of educational inequality.