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Looking back to look forward: Lessons learnt from cyber-attacks on Industrial Control Systems

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  • Miller, Thomas
  • Staves, Alexander
  • Maesschalck, Sam
  • Sturdee, Miriam
  • Green, Benjamin

Abstract

Since the 1980s, we have observed a range of cyberattacks targeting Industrial Control Systems (ICS), some of which have impacted elements of critical national infrastructure (CNI). While there are access limitations on information surrounding ICS focused cyberattacks, particularly within a CNI context, this paper provides an extensive summary of those publicly reported. By identifying and analysing previous ICS focused cyberattacks, we document their evolution, affording cyber-security practitioners with a greater understanding of attack vectors, threat actors, impact, and targeted sectors and locations, critical to the continued development of holistic risk management strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Miller, Thomas & Staves, Alexander & Maesschalck, Sam & Sturdee, Miriam & Green, Benjamin, 2021. "Looking back to look forward: Lessons learnt from cyber-attacks on Industrial Control Systems," International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Elsevier, vol. 35(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ijocip:v:35:y:2021:i:c:s1874548221000524
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcip.2021.100464
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dorothy E. Denning, 2012. "Stuxnet: What Has Changed?," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 4(3), pages 1-16, July.
    2. Zio, Enrico, 2016. "Challenges in the vulnerability and risk analysis of critical infrastructures," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 137-150.
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    Cited by:

    1. Davide Berardi & Franco Callegati & Andrea Giovine & Andrea Melis & Marco Prandini & Lorenzo Rinieri, 2023. "When Operation Technology Meets Information Technology: Challenges and Opportunities," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-16, February.
    2. Berghout, Tarek & Benbouzid, Mohamed, 2022. "EL-NAHL: Exploring labels autoencoding in augmented hidden layers of feedforward neural networks for cybersecurity in smart grids," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    3. Etxezarreta, Xabier & Garitano, Iñaki & Iturbe, Mikel & Zurutuza, Urko, 2023. "Software-Defined Networking approaches for intrusion response in Industrial Control Systems: A survey," International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Elsevier, vol. 42(C).
    4. Rahman, Ayesha & Mustafa, Ghulam & Khan, Abdul Qayyum & Abid, Muhammad & Durad, Muhammad Hanif, 2022. "Launch of denial of service attacks on the modbus/TCP protocol and development of its protection mechanisms," International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).

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