IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/forpol/v153y2023ics1389934123000722.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Transformation of the global governance in the cocoa sector with three characteristics: Diversification, flexibilization, and coordination

Author

Listed:
  • Lee, Haeun
  • Park, Mi Sun

Abstract

The cocoa sector has continued its global efforts to address various environmental and social issues. This research aims to unpack characteristics of the global cocoa governance focusing on global actors, rules, and agendas through content analysis with global documents related to the cocoa sector. This research includes the 60 year time frame from 1962, the year of establishment of Intergovernmental Cocoa Organization, to 2021. The results indicate a transition in global cocoa governance with three characteristics: diversification, flexibilization, and coordination. First, the actors and agendas in the cocoa sector were diversified throughout the study period. Starting from the early 2000s, private actors emerged and actively participated in forming global cocoa agendas and suggesting solutions to cocoa-related problems. Accordingly, diverse actors have handled diverse agendas. Second, the global cocoa rules were softened and flexibilized. Until the 2000s, treaties among countries controlled the global cocoa industry. Recently-introduced soft rules from 2012 enabled diverse issues to be addressed and facilitated the participation of various actors. Third, coordination between the international and state levels was emphasized in agreements and declarations. The inclusion of varied actors and agendas necessitated aligning efforts for improving global cocoa governance.

Suggested Citation

  • Lee, Haeun & Park, Mi Sun, 2023. "Transformation of the global governance in the cocoa sector with three characteristics: Diversification, flexibilization, and coordination," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:forpol:v:153:y:2023:i:c:s1389934123000722
    DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2023.102977
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389934123000722
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.forpol.2023.102977?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Carlos Andrés Naranjo-Merino & Oscar Orlando Ortíz-Rodriguez & Raquel A. Villamizar-G, 2017. "Assessing Green and Blue Water Footprints in the Supply Chain of Cocoa Production: A Case Study in the Northeast of Colombia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-9, December.
    2. Karl Hillman & Måns Nilsson & Annika Rickne & Thomas Magnusson, 2011. "Fostering sustainable technologies: a framework for analysing the governance of innovation systems," Science and Public Policy, Oxford University Press, vol. 38(5), pages 403-415, June.
    3. Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, 2014. "IGCC 2014 Annual Report," Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, Working Paper Series qt23j755ft, Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, University of California.
    4. Arnouts, Rikke & van der Zouwen, Mariëlle & Arts, Bas, 2012. "Analysing governance modes and shifts — Governance arrangements in Dutch nature policy," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 16(C), pages 43-50.
    5. Pokorny, Benno & Robiglio, Valentina & Reyes, Martin & Vargas, Ricardo & Patiño Carrera, Cesar Francesco, 2021. "The potential of agroforestry concessions to stabilize Amazonian forest frontiers: a case study on the economic and environmental robustness of informally settled small-scale cocoa farmers in Peru," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    6. Jon Birger Skjærseth & Olav Schram Stokke & Jørgen Wettestad, 2006. "Soft Law, Hard Law, and Effective Implementation of International Environmental Norms," Global Environmental Politics, MIT Press, vol. 6(3), pages 104-120, August.
    7. Gilbert, Christopher L., 1996. "International Commodity Agreements: An obituary notice," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 24(1), pages 1-19, January.
    8. Felix Akrofi-Atitianti & Chinwe Ifejika Speranza & Louis Bockel & Richard Asare, 2018. "Assessing Climate Smart Agriculture and Its Determinants of Practice in Ghana: A Case of the Cocoa Production System," Land, MDPI, vol. 7(1), pages 1-21, March.
    9. Abbott, Kenneth W. & Snidal, Duncan, 2000. "Hard and Soft Law in International Governance," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 54(3), pages 421-456, July.
    10. Busquet, Milande & Bosma, Niels & Hummels, Harry, 2021. "A multidimensional perspective on child labor in the value chain: The case of the cocoa value chain in West Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    11. Thoburn, John T, 1994. "The tin industry since the collapse of the International Tin Agreement," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 20(2), pages 125-133, June.
    12. Lipson, Charles, 1991. "Why are some international agreements informal?," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 45(4), pages 495-538, October.
    13. Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, 2012. "IGCC 2012 Annual Report," Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, Working Paper Series qt9sq8w042, Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, University of California.
    14. Christopher Gilbert, 2011. "International Agreements for Commodity Price Stabilisation: An Assessment," OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers 53, OECD Publishing.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Oliver Westerwinter, 2015. "Joost Pauwelyn, Ramses A. Wessel and Jan Wouters (Eds.). 2012. Informal international lawmaking. (Oxford: Oxford University Press)," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 10(1), pages 97-101, March.
    2. Charles B. Roger & Sam S. Rowan, 2022. "Analyzing international organizations: How the concepts we use affect the answers we get," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 17(3), pages 597-625, July.
    3. Oliver Westerwinter & Kenneth W. Abbott & Thomas Biersteker, 2021. "Informal governance in world politics," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 1-27, January.
    4. Bernauer, Thomas & Kalbhenn, Anna & Koubi, Vally & Ruoff, Gabi, 2010. "On commitment levels and compliance mechanisms: Determinants of participation in global environmental agreements," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics 94, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics.
    5. Tsung-Han Tai & Shih-Ming Kao & Wan-Chun Ho, 2020. "International Soft Laws against IUU Fishing for Sustainable Marine Resources: Adoption of the Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance and Challenges for Taiwan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-14, July.
    6. Felicity Vabulas & Duncan Snidal, 2021. "Cooperation under autonomy: Building and analyzing the Informal Intergovernmental Organizations 2.0 dataset," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 58(4), pages 859-869, July.
    7. Maximilian S. T. Wanner, 0. "The effectiveness of soft law in international environmental regimes: participation and compliance in the Hyogo Framework for Action," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-20.
    8. Steinar Andresen & Kristin Rosendal & Jon Skjærseth, 2013. "Why negotiate a legally binding mercury convention?," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 13(4), pages 425-440, November.
    9. Mulcahy, Mark & Beck, Matthias & Carr, Michelle & Hourigan, Niamh, 2019. "Novel approaches to the regulatory control of financial services providers: The importance of cultural context," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 51(5).
    10. Linn Persson & Åsa Persson & Chanthy Sam, 2016. "Implementation of the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management in Cambodia: effects of regime design," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 1-20, February.
    11. Beth A. Simmons, 2005. "Rules over Real Estate," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 49(6), pages 823-848, December.
    12. repec:got:cegedp:94 is not listed on IDEAS
    13. Yoram Z. Haftel & Alexander Thompson, 2006. "The Independence of International Organizations," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 50(2), pages 253-275, April.
    14. Fikri Muhammad, 2022. "Environmental agreement under the non-interference principle: the case of ASEAN agreement on transboundary haze pollution," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 22(1), pages 139-155, March.
    15. Emilios Avgouleas, 2013. "Effective Governance of Global Financial Markets: an Evolutionary Plan for Reform," Global Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 4, pages 74-84, July.
    16. Melissa Carlson & Barbara Koremenos, 2021. "Cooperation Failure or Secret Collusion? Absolute Monarchs and Informal Cooperation," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 95-135, January.
    17. Mareike Kleine, 2013. "Knowing your limits: Informal governance and judgment in the EU," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 8(2), pages 245-264, June.
    18. Tobias Böhmelt & Gabriele Spilker, 2016. "The interaction of international institutions from a social network perspective," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 67-89, February.
    19. Thomas Bernauer & Anna Kalbhenn & Vally Koubi & Gabriele Spilker, 2013. "Is there a “Depth versus Participation” dilemma in international cooperation?," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 8(4), pages 477-497, December.
    20. Christopher Marcoux & Johannes Urpelainen, 2013. "Non-compliance by design: Moribund hard law in international institutions," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 8(2), pages 163-191, June.
    21. Tim Büthe & Helen V. Milner, 2008. "The Politics of Foreign Direct Investment into Developing Countries: Increasing FDI through International Trade Agreements?," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 52(4), pages 741-762, October.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:forpol:v:153:y:2023:i:c:s1389934123000722. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/forpol .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.