IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v73y2014icp430-442.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Investigation into the optimal wind turbine layout patterns for a Hong Kong offshore wind farm

Author

Listed:
  • Gao, Xiaoxia
  • Yang, Hongxing
  • Lu, Lin

Abstract

Optimal WT (wind turbine) layout patterns relate in detail to the specific conditions of OWF (offshore wind farm) environments and therefore each is different. This paper presents an investigation into optimal WT layout patterns for three OWF configurations (aligned, staggered, scattered) in HK (Hong Kong) waters. A hypothetical OWF (6930 m × 9072 m) are analysed based on twenty years of wind data (1992–2011). For the aligned and staggered WFs, different WT layout separations are studied. The separations varied between 5.0D and 15.0D along the PWD (prevailing wind direction) and 5.0D to 12.0D in the CWD (crosswind direction), where D is the WT rotor diameter. A range of 25 and 45 WTs are placed in the scattered WF, with their layout optimized using the Multi-Population Genetic Algorithm. WF performance is reported for the best ten layout patterns following studies of many different layouts. Results show for this hypothetical OWF, that the optimal WT separation is 14.5D in the PWD and 11.0D in the CWD for the aligned and staggered cases. Thirty WTs are recommended as the optimum number for the scattered WF. The LCOE (levelized costs of energy) were calculated in HK$ terms 1.474/kWh (aligned), 1.467/kWh (staggered), and 1.290/kWh (scattered). APG (annual energy generation) is determined to be 40.80 × 108 kWh (aligned), 40.42 × 108 kWh (staggered), and 33.98 × 108 kWh (scattered), representing 9.48% (aligned), 9.39% (staggered), and 7.89% (scattered) of the annual electricity consumption for HK in 2012. The approach presented can be regarded as a generic method for WT layout optimization.

Suggested Citation

  • Gao, Xiaoxia & Yang, Hongxing & Lu, Lin, 2014. "Investigation into the optimal wind turbine layout patterns for a Hong Kong offshore wind farm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 430-442.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:73:y:2014:i:c:p:430-442
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.033
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544214007312
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.033?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Blanco, María Isabel, 2009. "The economics of wind energy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(6-7), pages 1372-1382, August.
    2. Emami, Alireza & Noghreh, Pirooz, 2010. "New approach on optimization in placement of wind turbines within wind farm by genetic algorithms," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(7), pages 1559-1564.
    3. Pookpunt, Sittichoke & Ongsakul, Weerakorn, 2013. "Optimal placement of wind turbines within wind farm using binary particle swarm optimization with time-varying acceleration coefficients," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 266-276.
    4. González, Javier Serrano & Gonzalez Rodriguez, Angel G. & Mora, José Castro & Santos, Jesús Riquelme & Payan, Manuel Burgos, 2010. "Optimization of wind farm turbines layout using an evolutive algorithm," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(8), pages 1671-1681.
    5. Marmidis, Grigorios & Lazarou, Stavros & Pyrgioti, Eleftheria, 2008. "Optimal placement of wind turbines in a wind park using Monte Carlo simulation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 33(7), pages 1455-1460.
    6. Li, G, 2000. "Feasibility of large scale offshore wind power for Hong Kong — a preliminary study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 21(3), pages 387-402.
    7. Grady, S.A. & Hussaini, M.Y. & Abdullah, M.M., 2005. "Placement of wind turbines using genetic algorithms," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 259-270.
    8. Schleisner, L, 2000. "Life cycle assessment of a wind farm and related externalities," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 279-288.
    9. Sun, Xiaojing & Huang, Diangui & Wu, Guoqing, 2012. "The current state of offshore wind energy technology development," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 298-312.
    10. Tremeac, Brice & Meunier, Francis, 2009. "Life cycle analysis of 4.5Â MW and 250Â W wind turbines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(8), pages 2104-2110, October.
    11. Kusiak, Andrew & Zheng, Haiyang, 2010. "Optimization of wind turbine energy and power factor with an evolutionary computation algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 1324-1332.
    12. Zhixin, Wang & Chuanwen, Jiang & Qian, Ai & Chengmin, Wang, 2009. "The key technology of offshore wind farm and its new development in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(1), pages 216-222, January.
    13. Hong, Lixuan & Möller, Bernd, 2011. "Offshore wind energy potential in China: Under technical, spatial and economic constraints," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(7), pages 4482-4491.
    14. Lu, Lin & Yang, Hongxing & Burnett, John, 2002. "Investigation on wind power potential on Hong Kong islands—an analysis of wind power and wind turbine characteristics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 1-12.
    15. Kusiak, Andrew & Song, Zhe, 2010. "Design of wind farm layout for maximum wind energy capture," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 685-694.
    16. Snyder, Brian & Kaiser, Mark J., 2009. "Ecological and economic cost-benefit analysis of offshore wind energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 1567-1578.
    17. Kusiak, Andrew & Zhang, Zijun & Verma, Anoop, 2013. "Prediction, operations, and condition monitoring in wind energy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1-12.
    18. Esteban, Miguel & Leary, David, 2012. "Current developments and future prospects of offshore wind and ocean energy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(1), pages 128-136.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Wędzik, Andrzej & Siewierski, Tomasz & Szypowski, Michał, 2016. "A new method for simultaneous optimizing of wind farm’s network layout and cable cross-sections by MILP optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 525-538.
    2. Smail, Houria & Alkama, Rezak & Medjdoub, Abdellah, 2018. "Optimal design of the electric connection of a wind farm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 972-983.
    3. Sun, Haiying & Yang, Hongxing & Gao, Xiaoxia, 2019. "Investigation into spacing restriction and layout optimization of wind farm with multiple types of wind turbines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 637-650.
    4. Onea, Florin & Rusu, Eugen, 2016. "The expected efficiency and coastal impact of a hybrid energy farm operating in the Portuguese nearshore," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 411-423.
    5. Guirguis, David & Romero, David A. & Amon, Cristina H., 2016. "Toward efficient optimization of wind farm layouts: Utilizing exact gradient information," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 110-123.
    6. Wang, Yize & Liu, Zhenqing & Wang, Hao, 2022. "Proposal and layout optimization of a wind-wave hybrid energy system using GPU-accelerated differential evolution algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PA).
    7. Wu, Xiawei & Hu, Weihao & Huang, Qi & Chen, Cong & Jacobson, Mark Z. & Chen, Zhe, 2020. "Optimizing the layout of onshore wind farms to minimize noise," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    8. Rosales-Asensio, Enrique & Borge-Diez, David & Pérez-Hoyos, Ana & Colmenar-Santos, Antonio, 2019. "Reduction of water cost for an existing wind-energy-based desalination scheme: A preliminary configuration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 548-560.
    9. Nicolas Kirchner-Bossi & Fernando Porté-Agel, 2018. "Realistic Wind Farm Layout Optimization through Genetic Algorithms Using a Gaussian Wake Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-26, November.
    10. Xiaoxia Gao & Lu Xia & Lin Lu & Yonghua Li, 2019. "Analysis of Hong Kong’s Wind Energy: Power Potential, Development Constraints, and Experiences from Other Countries for Local Wind Energy Promotion Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-20, February.
    11. Liu, Heng-xu & Tian, Yi-nong & Liu, Wei-qi & Jin, Ye-qing & Kong, Fan-kai & Chen, Hai-long & Zhong, Yu-guang, 2023. "Aerodynamic interference characteristics of multiple unit wind turbine based on vortex filament wake model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    12. Daróczy, László & Janiga, Gábor & Petrasch, Klaus & Webner, Michael & Thévenin, Dominique, 2015. "Comparative analysis of turbulence models for the aerodynamic simulation of H-Darrieus rotors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P1), pages 680-690.
    13. Hou, Peng & Hu, Weihao & Soltani, Mohsen & Chen, Cong & Chen, Zhe, 2017. "Combined optimization for offshore wind turbine micro siting," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 271-282.
    14. Guirguis, David & Romero, David A. & Amon, Cristina H., 2017. "Gradient-based multidisciplinary design of wind farms with continuous-variable formulations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 279-291.
    15. Muhammad Nabeel Hussain & Nadeem Shaukat & Ammar Ahmad & Muhammad Abid & Abrar Hashmi & Zohreh Rajabi & Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq, 2022. "Effective Realization of Multi-Objective Elitist Teaching–Learning Based Optimization Technique for the Micro-Siting of Wind Turbines," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-24, July.
    16. Daróczy, László & Janiga, Gábor & Thévenin, Dominique, 2016. "Analysis of the performance of a H-Darrieus rotor under uncertainty using Polynomial Chaos Expansion," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 399-412.
    17. Nicolas Kirchner-Bossi & Fernando Porté-Agel, 2021. "Wind Farm Area Shape Optimization Using Newly Developed Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-25, July.
    18. He, J.Y. & Chan, P.W. & Li, Q.S. & Lee, C.W., 2022. "Characterizing coastal wind energy resources based on sodar and microwave radiometer observations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Azlan, F. & Kurnia, J.C. & Tan, B.T. & Ismadi, M.-Z., 2021. "Review on optimisation methods of wind farm array under three classical wind condition problems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    2. Gao, Xiaoxia & Yang, Hongxing & Lu, Lin, 2014. "Study on offshore wind power potential and wind farm optimization in Hong Kong," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 519-531.
    3. Dinçer, A.E. & Demir, A. & Yılmaz, K., 2024. "Multi-objective turbine allocation on a wind farm site," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 355(C).
    4. Kyoungboo Yang & Kyungho Cho, 2019. "Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Wind Farm Layout Optimization: A Benchmark Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-15, November.
    5. Yang, Kyoungboo & Kwak, Gyeongil & Cho, Kyungho & Huh, Jongchul, 2019. "Wind farm layout optimization for wake effect uniformity," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 983-995.
    6. Ulku, I. & Alabas-Uslu, C., 2019. "A new mathematical programming approach to wind farm layout problem under multiple wake effects," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 1190-1201.
    7. Dhunny, A.Z. & Timmons, D.S. & Allam, Z. & Lollchund, M.R. & Cunden, T.S.M., 2020. "An economic assessment of near-shore wind farm development using a weather research forecast-based genetic algorithm model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
    8. Park, Jinkyoo & Law, Kincho H., 2015. "Layout optimization for maximizing wind farm power production using sequential convex programming," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 320-334.
    9. Biswas, Partha P. & Suganthan, P.N. & Amaratunga, Gehan A.J., 2018. "Decomposition based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for windfarm layout optimization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 326-337.
    10. Nicolas Kirchner-Bossi & Fernando Porté-Agel, 2018. "Realistic Wind Farm Layout Optimization through Genetic Algorithms Using a Gaussian Wake Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-26, November.
    11. Serrano González, Javier & Burgos Payán, Manuel & Santos, Jesús Manuel Riquelme & González-Longatt, Francisco, 2014. "A review and recent developments in the optimal wind-turbine micro-siting problem," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 133-144.
    12. Gao, Xiaoxia & Yang, Hongxing & Lu, Lin, 2016. "Optimization of wind turbine layout position in a wind farm using a newly-developed two-dimensional wake model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 192-200.
    13. Salcedo-Sanz, S. & Gallo-Marazuela, D. & Pastor-Sánchez, A. & Carro-Calvo, L. & Portilla-Figueras, A. & Prieto, L., 2014. "Offshore wind farm design with the Coral Reefs Optimization algorithm," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 109-115.
    14. Dinçer, A.Ersin & Demir, A. & Yılmaz, K., 2023. "Enhancing wind turbine site selection through a novel wake penalty criterion," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    15. Antonini, Enrico G.A. & Romero, David A. & Amon, Cristina H., 2020. "Optimal design of wind farms in complex terrains using computational fluid dynamics and adjoint methods," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    16. Wu, Chutian & Yang, Xiaolei & Zhu, Yaxin, 2021. "On the design of potential turbine positions for physics-informed optimization of wind farm layout," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 1108-1120.
    17. Saavedra-Moreno, B. & Salcedo-Sanz, S. & Paniagua-Tineo, A. & Prieto, L. & Portilla-Figueras, A., 2011. "Seeding evolutionary algorithms with heuristics for optimal wind turbines positioning in wind farms," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(11), pages 2838-2844.
    18. Wan, Chunqiu & Wang, Jun & Yang, Geng & Gu, Huajie & Zhang, Xing, 2012. "Wind farm micro-siting by Gaussian particle swarm optimization with local search strategy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 276-286.
    19. Khan, Salman A. & Rehman, Shafiqur, 2013. "Iterative non-deterministic algorithms in on-shore wind farm design: A brief survey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 370-384.
    20. Antonini, Enrico G.A. & Romero, David A. & Amon, Cristina H., 2018. "Continuous adjoint formulation for wind farm layout optimization: A 2D implementation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 2333-2345.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:73:y:2014:i:c:p:430-442. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.