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Enhancement of the performance of flexible lead-free nanogenerators by doping in BaTiO3 nanoparticles

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  • Jeder, Khawla
  • Bouhamed, Ayda
  • Nouri, Hanen
  • Abdelmoula, Najmeddine
  • Jöhrmann, Nathanael
  • Wunderle, Bernhard
  • Khemakhem, Hamadi
  • Kanoun, Olfa

Abstract

Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) lead-free ceramic has recently gained attention for the fabrication of nanogenerators. Herein, lead-free piezoceramics (Ba, Ca) (Zr, Ti)O3 was synthesized using the sol-gel method. In order to improve the material properties, Ca2+ and Zr4+ were introduced into the BaTiO3 crystal network to replace Ba2+ and Ti4+, respectively. Subsequently, three flexible nanocomposites were chemically fabricated by mixing polyvinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) with the commercial BT, the synthesized BZT and BCZT, using the solution‐casting technique. The microstructure and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and (SEM). This study illustrates that the combination of both addition Ca2+ and Zr4+ in barium titanate is promising for forming the electroactive β-phase in the nanocomposite. The XRD and FTIR confirmed the formation of the polar β-phase, enhancing piezoelectric properties. The electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite increased with doping in both sites. A maximum output voltage (∼1.8 V) and power (∼1.9 μW) were achieved for composite including BCZT particles. Besides, different sizes and concentrations of BCZT/PVDF-HFP based nanogenerators were constructed. The optimal performance was with nanogenerators of size 2 cm × 2.5 cm and 10 wt % of BCZT powders. Biomechanical foot-tapping achieved a maximum output voltage of 4.55 V, which was high enough to become a potential candidate for a self powered device in future applications.

Suggested Citation

  • Jeder, Khawla & Bouhamed, Ayda & Nouri, Hanen & Abdelmoula, Najmeddine & Jöhrmann, Nathanael & Wunderle, Bernhard & Khemakhem, Hamadi & Kanoun, Olfa, 2022. "Enhancement of the performance of flexible lead-free nanogenerators by doping in BaTiO3 nanoparticles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:261:y:2022:i:pb:s0360544222020618
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.125169
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Banerjee, Swagata & Bairagi, Satyaranjan & Ali, S. Wazed, 2022. "A lead-free flexible piezoelectric-triboelectric hybrid nanogenerator composed of uniquely designed PVDF/KNN-ZS nanofibrous web," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PB).
    2. Alva, Guruprasad & Liu, Lingkun & Huang, Xiang & Fang, Guiyin, 2017. "Thermal energy storage materials and systems for solar energy applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P1), pages 693-706.
    3. Bairagi, Satyaranjan & Ali, S. Wazed, 2020. "Flexible lead-free PVDF/SM-KNN electrospun nanocomposite based piezoelectric materials: Significant enhancement of energy harvesting efficiency of the nanogenerator," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    4. Yasuyoshi Saito & Hisaaki Takao & Toshihiko Tani & Tatsuhiko Nonoyama & Kazumasa Takatori & Takahiko Homma & Toshiatsu Nagaya & Masaya Nakamura, 2004. "Lead-free piezoceramics," Nature, Nature, vol. 432(7013), pages 84-87, November.
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