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Electric water heater flexibility potential and activation impact in system operator perspective – Norwegian scenario case study

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  • Lakshmanan, Venkatachalam
  • Sæle, Hanne
  • Degefa, Merkebu Zenebe

Abstract

Simultaneous activation of demand side flexibility on thermostatically controlled loads will cause adverse impacts later in the form of rebounds. Distribution system operators must know the characterisation of the impact, as they are responsible for voltage quality of power delivery and suffer the loss of lifespan of network components due to overloading. In this paper, characterising parameters for flexibility activation on electric water heaters (EWHs) are proposed and flexibility potentials are computed considering smart activation methods for the Norwegian scenario. The proposed parameters are rebound percentage, delay, ramp rates, second peak distance, activation error, flexible power, and temperature deviation. Four scenarios with different levels of flexible power and activation time are developed in the Norwegian context for quantification of the flexibility potentials and the parameters. The highest average flexible power potential is 53.9% at 8:00 a.m. for a duration of 61 min. EWHs flexibility activation can serve as Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) at peak demand hours with high ramp-up and ramp-down rates of 48.5% and 23.8% per minute and as Frequency Restoration Reserves (FRR) during non-peak hours.

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  • Lakshmanan, Venkatachalam & Sæle, Hanne & Degefa, Merkebu Zenebe, 2021. "Electric water heater flexibility potential and activation impact in system operator perspective – Norwegian scenario case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:236:y:2021:i:c:s0360544221017382
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121490
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    Cited by:

    1. Hessam Golmohamadi, 2022. "Demand-Side Flexibility in Power Systems: A Survey of Residential, Industrial, Commercial, and Agricultural Sectors," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-16, June.
    2. Clift, Dean Holland & Stanley, Cameron & Hasan, Kazi N. & Rosengarten, Gary, 2023. "Assessment of advanced demand response value streams for water heaters in renewable-rich electricity markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    3. Taler, Dawid & Sobota, Tomasz & Jaremkiewicz, Magdalena & Taler, Jan, 2022. "Control of the temperature in the hot liquid tank by using a digital PID controller considering the random errors of the thermometer indications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).
    4. Sasaki, Kento & Aki, Hirohisa & Ikegami, Takashi, 2022. "Application of model predictive control to grid flexibility provision by distributed energy resources in residential dwellings under uncertainty," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
    5. Dawid Taler & Jan Taler & Tomasz Sobota & Jarosław Tokarczyk, 2022. "Cooling Modelling of an Electrically Heated Ceramic Heat Accumulator," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-26, August.
    6. Seljom, Pernille & Rosenberg, Eva & Haaskjold, Kristina, 2024. "The effect and value of end-use flexibility in the low-carbon transition of the energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).

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