A novel cluster-based spinning reserve dynamic model for wind and PV power reinforcement

The share of low-carbon energy in the electricity-production industry is increasing, creating reliability disturbances in modern power systems. Globally, the various renewable resources are distinguished by their origin into firm, variable and uncertain. To cope with the impact of variable and uncertain renewables on residual load, system operators need to plan-ahead adequate spinning reserves. In this work, we introduce a new paradigm for addressing the dynamic spinning reserve formulation, that is capable of accounting for the largely unaddressed challenge of the volatile behavior of different power inputs in the presence of storage. Based on realistic models and spinning reserve clusters, our solution leverages widely adopted robust approaches in the field, providing optimum cost/risk trade-off without deteriorating the computational burden. The proposed framework relies on a hybrid optimization mechanism to enable the effective unit commitment and allow for the minimization of spinning reserve deficits, renewable energy curtailment and load shedding. In the presence of storage, our formulation improves not only the annual total cost, but also allows for renewable generation enhancement at the maximum reliability level. The annual improvement accounts for 1.18% increases in renewable penetration, reduced costs in the range of €9M-€27 M and 3.75–9.45 GWh of services that are not withheld.