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Stationarity properties of per capita CO2 emissions in the OECD in the very long-run: A replication and extension analysis

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  • Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa
  • Inekwe, John
  • Ivanovski, Kris
  • Smyth, Russell

Abstract

We replicate, and extend, Zerbo and Darné's (2019) study examining the stationarity properties of per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the OECD from 1960 to 2014. We first replicate by reproduction their main findings for 25 OECD countries by applying their methods over the same time period that they consider. We then extend the analysis to examine whether CO2 emissions are stationary in those 25 OECD countries from 1860 to 2014. We confirm Zerbo and Darné's (2019) main conclusion that historical events have induced changes in the trend function of the series and that emission levels are characterized by a non-stationary process. Using a longer timeframe also provides additional insights. Results from unit root testing suggest that not only more recent events, such as the first oil price shock, as highlighted by Zerbo and Darné (2019), but the Long Depression of the nineteenth century, the Great Depression and the two world wars have induced changes in the slope of the series.

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  • Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa & Inekwe, John & Ivanovski, Kris & Smyth, Russell, 2020. "Stationarity properties of per capita CO2 emissions in the OECD in the very long-run: A replication and extension analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:90:y:2020:i:c:s0140988320302085
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104868
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    2. Diego Romero-Ávila & Tolga Omay, 2023. "Convergence of GHGs emissions in the long-run: aerosol precursors, reactive gases and aerosols—a nonlinear panel approach," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(11), pages 12303-12337, November.
    3. Jonek-Kowalska, Izabela, 2022. "Towards the reduction of CO2 emissions. Paths of pro-ecological transformation of energy mixes in European countries with an above-average share of coal in energy consumption," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    4. Borowiec, Justyna & Papież, Monika, 2024. "Convergence of CO2 emissions in countries at different stages of development. Do globalisation and environmental policies matter?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    5. Romero-Ávila, Diego & Omay, Tolga, 2022. "Convergence of per capita energy consumption around the world: New evidence from nonlinear panel unit root tests," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    6. González-Álvarez, María A. & Montañés, Antonio, 2023. "CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth: Determining the stability of the 3E relationship," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    7. Matsuki, Takashi & Pan, Lei, 2021. "Per capita carbon emissions convergence in developing Asia: A century of evidence from covariate unit root test with endogenous structural breaks," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    CO2 emissions; Unit root test; OECD;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C22 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes
    • Q53 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
    • Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming

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