IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v72y2018icp583-600.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Risk-neutral moments in the crude oil market

Author

Listed:
  • Ruan, Xinfeng
  • Zhang, Jin E.

Abstract

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive study on the higher-order risk-neutral moments (RNMs) and differences in RNMs (DRNMs) in the crude oil market, implied by options written on the United States Oil Fund (USO). Based on the t-statistic, the in-sample and the out-of-sample R2 statistics, we compare the USO return predictability and USO option return predictability by using RNMs and DRNMs from May 2007 to April 2016. We find that (i) all RNMs have a poor out-of-sample performance of predicting USO returns and simple option returns, while the risk-neutral volatility (VOL) outperforms in terms of both in-sample and out-of-sample predicting delta-hedged option returns; (ii) most of the DRNMs can significantly predict the future USO returns, and (iii) differences in the risk-neutral third cumulant (DTC) and differences in the risk-neutral fourth cumulant (DFC) are two important predictors for the future USO option returns.

Suggested Citation

  • Ruan, Xinfeng & Zhang, Jin E., 2018. "Risk-neutral moments in the crude oil market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 583-600.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:72:y:2018:i:c:p:583-600
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2018.04.026
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988318301518
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.04.026?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ivo Welch & Amit Goyal, 2008. "A Comprehensive Look at The Empirical Performance of Equity Premium Prediction," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 21(4), pages 1455-1508, July.
    2. Donald R. Chambers & Matthew Foy & Jeffrey Liebner & Qin Lu, 2014. "Index Option Returns: Still Puzzling," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 27(6), pages 1915-1928.
    3. Peter Reinhard Hansen & Allan Timmermann, 2012. "Choice of Sample Split in Out-of-Sample Forecast Evaluation," CREATES Research Papers 2012-43, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University.
    4. Dashan Huang & Fuwei Jiang & Jun Tu & Guofu Zhou, 2015. "Investor Sentiment Aligned: A Powerful Predictor of Stock Returns," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 28(3), pages 791-837.
    5. Mark Broadie & Mikhail Chernov & Michael Johannes, 2009. "Understanding Index Option Returns," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(11), pages 4493-4529, November.
    6. George M. Constantinides & Jens Carsten Jackwerth & Alexi Savov, 2013. "The Puzzle of Index Option Returns," The Review of Asset Pricing Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 3(2), pages 229-257.
    7. Jennifer Conrad & Robert F. Dittmar & Eric Ghysels, 2013. "Ex Ante Skewness and Expected Stock Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 68(1), pages 85-124, February.
    8. Da Fonseca, José & Xu, Yahua, 2017. "Higher moment risk premiums for the crude oil market: A downside and upside conditional decomposition," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 410-422.
    9. Heston, Steven L, 1993. "A Closed-Form Solution for Options with Stochastic Volatility with Applications to Bond and Currency Options," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 6(2), pages 327-343.
    10. Francis X. Diebold & Lutz Kilian, 2001. "Measuring predictability: theory and macroeconomic applications," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(6), pages 657-669.
    11. Gurdip Bakshi & Nikunj Kapadia, 2003. "Delta-Hedged Gains and the Negative Market Volatility Risk Premium," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 16(2), pages 527-566.
    12. Chatrath, Arjun & Miao, Hong & Ramchander, Sanjay & Wang, Tianyang, 2016. "An examination of the flow characteristics of crude oil: Evidence from risk-neutral moments," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 213-223.
    13. Bekaert, Geert & Wu, Guojun, 2000. "Asymmetric Volatility and Risk in Equity Markets," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 13(1), pages 1-42.
    14. Xing, Yuhang & Zhang, Xiaoyan & Zhao, Rui, 2010. "What Does the Individual Option Volatility Smirk Tell Us About Future Equity Returns?," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 45(3), pages 641-662, June.
    15. Andrews, Donald W K, 1993. "Tests for Parameter Instability and Structural Change with Unknown Change Point," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 61(4), pages 821-856, July.
    16. Kanne, Stefan & Korn, Olaf & Uhrig-Homburg, Marliese, 2016. "Stock Illiquidity, option prices, and option returns," CFR Working Papers 16-08, University of Cologne, Centre for Financial Research (CFR).
    17. Atsushi Inoue & Lutz Kilian, 2005. "In-Sample or Out-of-Sample Tests of Predictability: Which One Should We Use?," Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(4), pages 371-402.
    18. Dmitriy Muravyev, 2016. "Order Flow and Expected Option Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 71(2), pages 673-708, April.
    19. Yan, Shu, 2011. "Jump risk, stock returns, and slope of implied volatility smile," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(1), pages 216-233, January.
    20. Chang, Bo Young & Christoffersen, Peter & Jacobs, Kris, 2013. "Market skewness risk and the cross section of stock returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(1), pages 46-68.
    21. Dennis, Patrick & Mayhew, Stewart & Stivers, Chris, 2006. "Stock Returns, Implied Volatility Innovations, and the Asymmetric Volatility Phenomenon," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 41(2), pages 381-406, June.
    22. Byeong-Je An & Andrew Ang & Turan G. Bali & Nusret Cakici, 2014. "The Joint Cross Section of Stocks and Options," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 69(5), pages 2279-2337, October.
    23. Byun, Suk-Joon & Kim, Da-Hea, 2016. "Gambling preference and individual equity option returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 122(1), pages 155-174.
    24. Vasquez, Aurelio, 2017. "Equity Volatility Term Structures and the Cross Section of Option Returns," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 52(6), pages 2727-2754, December.
    25. Datta, Deepa Dhume & Londono, Juan M. & Ross, Landon J., 2017. "Generating options-implied probability densities to understand oil market events," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 440-457.
    26. Arjun Chatrath & Hong Miao & Sanjay Ramchander & Tianyang Wang, 2015. "The Forecasting Efficacy of Risk‐Neutral Moments for Crude Oil Volatility," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 34(3), pages 177-190, April.
    27. Hansen, Bruce E, 1997. "Approximate Asymptotic P Values for Structural-Change Tests," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 15(1), pages 60-67, January.
    28. Faias, José Afonso & Santa-Clara, Pedro, 2017. "Optimal Option Portfolio Strategies: Deepening the Puzzle of Index Option Mispricing," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 52(1), pages 277-303, February.
    29. Chiang, I-Hsuan Ethan & Hughen, W. Keener, 2017. "Do oil futures prices predict stock returns?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 129-141.
    30. John Y. Campbell & Samuel B. Thompson, 2008. "Predicting Excess Stock Returns Out of Sample: Can Anything Beat the Historical Average?," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 21(4), pages 1509-1531, July.
    31. Brian H. Boyer & Keith Vorkink, 2014. "Stock Options as Lotteries," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 69(4), pages 1485-1527, August.
    32. Rapach, David E. & Ringgenberg, Matthew C. & Zhou, Guofu, 2016. "Short interest and aggregate stock returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 121(1), pages 46-65.
    33. Park, Yang-Ho, 2015. "Volatility-of-volatility and tail risk hedging returns," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 38-63.
    34. Andrew Ang & Robert J. Hodrick & Yuhang Xing & Xiaoyan Zhang, 2006. "The Cross‐Section of Volatility and Expected Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 61(1), pages 259-299, February.
    35. Goyal, Amit & Saretto, Alessio, 2009. "Cross-section of option returns and volatility," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 94(2), pages 310-326, November.
    36. Ian W. Martin, 2013. "Consumption-Based Asset Pricing with Higher Cumulants," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 80(2), pages 745-773.
    37. Newey, Whitney & West, Kenneth, 2014. "A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 33(1), pages 125-132.
    38. Nicolas P.B. Bollen & Michael J. O'Neill & Robert E. Whaley, 2017. "Tail Wags Dog: Intraday Price Discovery in VIX Markets," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 37(5), pages 431-451, May.
    39. Gurdip Bakshi & Nikunj Kapadia & Dilip Madan, 2003. "Stock Return Characteristics, Skew Laws, and the Differential Pricing of Individual Equity Options," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 16(1), pages 101-143.
    40. Black, Fischer & Scholes, Myron S, 1973. "The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 81(3), pages 637-654, May-June.
    41. David E. Rapach & Jack K. Strauss & Guofu Zhou, 2013. "International Stock Return Predictability: What Is the Role of the United States?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 68(4), pages 1633-1662, August.
    42. Bakshi, Gurdip & Panayotov, George & Skoulakis, Georgios, 2011. "Improving the predictability of real economic activity and asset returns with forward variances inferred from option portfolios," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(3), pages 475-495, June.
    43. Cao, Jie & Han, Bing, 2013. "Cross section of option returns and idiosyncratic stock volatility," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(1), pages 231-249.
    44. Huimin Zhao & Jin E. Zhang & Eric C. Chang, 2013. "The Relation between Physical and Risk-neutral Cumulants," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 13(3), pages 345-381, September.
    45. David E. Rapach & Jack K. Strauss & Guofu Zhou, 2010. "Out-of-Sample Equity Premium Prediction: Combination Forecasts and Links to the Real Economy," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 23(2), pages 821-862, February.
    46. Huang, Dashan & Zhou, Guofu, 2017. "Upper Bounds on Return Predictability," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 52(2), pages 401-425, April.
    47. Przemysław S. Stilger & Alexandros Kostakis & Ser-Huang Poon, 2017. "What Does Risk-Neutral Skewness Tell Us About Future Stock Returns?," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 63(6), pages 1814-1834, June.
    48. Maasoumi, Esfandiar & Zaman, Asad & Ahmed, Mumtaz, 2010. "Tests for structural change, aggregation, and homogeneity," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 27(6), pages 1382-1391, November.
    49. Mark Broadie & Mikhail Chernov & Michael Johannes, 2007. "Model Specification and Risk Premia: Evidence from Futures Options," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 62(3), pages 1453-1490, June.
    50. Bali, Turan G. & Murray, Scott, 2013. "Does Risk-Neutral Skewness Predict the Cross-Section of Equity Option Portfolio Returns?," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 48(4), pages 1145-1171, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Besma Hkiri & Juncal Cunado & Mehmet Balcilar & Rangan Gupta, 2021. "Time-varying relationship between conventional and unconventional monetary policies and risk aversion: international evidence from time- and frequency-domains," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 61(6), pages 2963-2983, December.
    2. Zhang, Xinxin & Bouri, Elie & Xu, Yahua & Zhang, Gongqiu, 2022. "The asymmetric relationship between returns and implied higher moments: Evidence from the crude oil market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    3. Cui, Jinxin & Maghyereh, Aktham & Goh, Mark & Zou, Huiwen, 2022. "Risk spillovers and time-varying links between international oil and China’s commodity futures markets: Fresh evidence from the higher-order moments," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    4. Cortés, Lina M. & Mora-Valencia, Andrés & Perote, Javier, 2020. "Retrieving the implicit risk neutral density of WTI options with a semi-nonparametric approach," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    5. Jingyan Zhang & Jan De Spiegeleer & Wim Schoutens, 2021. "Implied Tail Risk and ESG Ratings," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(14), pages 1-16, July.
    6. Ruan, Xinfeng & Zhang, Jin E., 2019. "Moment spreads in the energy market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 598-609.
    7. Jia, Xiaolan & Ruan, Xinfeng & Zhang, Jin E., 2023. "Carr and Wu’s (2020) framework in the oil ETF option market," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 31(C).
    8. Wong, Patrick, 2023. "Explaining intraday crude oil returns with higher order risk-neutral moments," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 31(C).
    9. Gkillas, Konstantinos & Bouri, Elie & Gupta, Rangan & Roubaud, David, 2022. "Spillovers in Higher-Order Moments of Crude Oil, Gold, and Bitcoin," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 398-406.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ruan, Xinfeng & Zhang, Jin E., 2019. "Moment spreads in the energy market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 598-609.
    2. Ruan, Xinfeng, 2020. "Volatility-of-volatility and the cross-section of option returns," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 48(C).
    3. Biao Guo & Hai Lin, 2020. "Volatility and jump risk in option returns," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(11), pages 1767-1792, November.
    4. Chen, Jian & Jiang, Fuwei & Xue, Shuyu & Yao, Jiaquan, 2019. "The world predictive power of U.S. equity market skewness risk," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 210-227.
    5. Jianhui Li & Sebastian A. Gehricke & Jin E. Zhang, 2019. "How do US options traders “smirk” on China? Evidence from FXI options," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(11), pages 1450-1470, November.
    6. Mi‐Hsiu Chiang & Hsin‐Yu Chiu & Robin K. Chou, 2021. "Relevance of the disposition effect on the options market: New evidence," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 50(1), pages 75-106, March.
    7. Xiaolan Jia & Xinfeng Ruan & Jin E. Zhang, 2021. "The implied volatility smirk of commodity options," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(1), pages 72-104, January.
    8. Kevin Aretz & Ming-Tsung Lin & Ser-Huang Poon, 2023. "Moneyness, Underlying Asset Volatility, and the Cross-Section of Option Returns," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 27(1), pages 289-323.
    9. Li, Xiaowei & Wu, Zhengyu & Zhang, Hao & Zhang, Lu, 2024. "Risk-neutral skewness and stock market returns: A time-series analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    10. Connor J.A. Stuart & Sebastian A. Gehricke & Jin E. Zhang & Xinfeng Ruan, 2021. "Implied volatility smirk in the Australian dollar market," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 61(3), pages 4573-4599, September.
    11. Amit Goyal & Alessio Saretto, 2022. "Are Equity Option Returns Abnormal? IPCA Says No," Working Papers 2214, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
    12. Yabei Zhu & Xingguo Luo & Qi Xu, 2023. "Industry variance risk premium, cross‐industry correlation, and expected returns," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(1), pages 3-32, January.
    13. Borochin, Paul & Wu, Zekun & Zhao, Yanhui, 2021. "The effect of option-implied skewness on delta- and vega-hedged option returns," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    14. Pakorn Aschakulporn & Jin E. Zhang, 2022. "Bakshi, Kapadia, and Madan (2003) risk‐neutral moment estimators: An affine jump‐diffusion approach," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 42(3), pages 365-388, March.
    15. Alejandro Bernales & Thanos Verousis & Nikolaos Voukelatos & Mengyu Zhang, 2020. "What do we know about individual equity options?," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(1), pages 67-91, January.
    16. Chen, Jian & Jiang, Fuwei & Liu, Yangshu & Tu, Jun, 2017. "International volatility risk and Chinese stock return predictability," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 183-203.
    17. Christoffersen, Peter & Jacobs, Kris & Chang, Bo Young, 2013. "Forecasting with Option-Implied Information," Handbook of Economic Forecasting, in: G. Elliott & C. Granger & A. Timmermann (ed.), Handbook of Economic Forecasting, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 0, pages 581-656, Elsevier.
    18. Jondeau, Eric & Zhang, Qunzi & Zhu, Xiaoneng, 2019. "Average skewness matters," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(1), pages 29-47.
    19. , & Stein, Tobias, 2021. "Equity premium predictability over the business cycle," CEPR Discussion Papers 16357, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    20. Jian Chen & Yangshu Liu, 2020. "Bid and ask prices of index put options: Which predicts the underlying stock returns?," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(9), pages 1337-1353, September.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Risk-neutral moments; Crude oil; Option returns; Stock returns; Predictability;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G13 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing
    • D47 - Microeconomics - - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design - - - Market Design

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:72:y:2018:i:c:p:583-600. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eneco .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.